Once Upon A Family Essay Example for Free

Once Upon A Family EssayIn the book (Daley, 2007) Once Upon A Family by author Margaret Daley, we read about a character by the name of Sean Williams who is helped by his principal at Cimarron High, where he attends school, by the name of lance Stone. Laura Williams was extremely nervous as she stands before the high school principal, who is tall, dark and handsome, as she worries so much for her oldest child who had always been a good student. creature Stone explains that Sean wasnt willing to talk very much about the fight that he took part in and wonders if the new move had anything to do with this sudden change in Seans behavior. Peter takes a special interest in Seans mother and realizes that he can help her, her family and himself in finding completeness in their lives. Peter Stone lives on a beautiful ranch and is a religious man who learns not only to care for Sean, but similarly for his mother Laura and Seans siblings. The Williams family attend Peters church many ti mes and learn that God has special intentions for their lives and also that all problems can be solved through prayer.Laura Williams is a good hearted, self-sacrificing widow, while Peter Stone worked at his job at the high school where he could arouse a difference in the lives of the young and attended church, faithfully to ful bring his religious needs, but he still needed the Williams family in his life to fill an empty void and just as desperately as they needed him. We learn from this book that God has a special way of bringing passel together and he always knows exactly what we need.

African American and Haitian Heritage Essay Example for Free

African American and Haitian Heritage EssayThere are many different beliefs and values with the African American Culture compared to the Haitian Culture relating to child bearing and pregnancy. Both of the cultures have history of having large families in the rural areas, which was viewed as a necessary neces positiony be power of the economic pressures distributively culture went though. The African American choice of birth manoeuver was oral contraceptives compared to the Haitians who used a variety of contraception methods such as the birth control pill, womanish sterilization, injections, and condoms Kemp (2012) states. The Haitians are mostly Catholic which makes them un go awayingly to engage in conversations about pregnancy, and their fertility practices. Compared to African Americans who willingly to speak to older family members about their look during their pregnancy, or will help guide them with many of the practices and beliefs of a pregnant women.The African Am ericans view and belief on spontaneous abortion is that many oppose abortion because of their religious or moral beliefs, and separates oppose abortion because of moral, cultural, or Afrocentric beliefs WHO (2011) states. These beliefs will cause a delay in decision which makes abortions unsafe, compared to the Haitian Culture who does not talk about abortion openly, it is considered a womens issue. Pregnancy is not considered a disease, or a health problem, many Haitian women seek no prenatal care, work fulltime until digesty, and celebrate their pregnancy as a time of joy. Haitian women also do not eat spices, but are encouraged to eat vegetables, and red fruits to increase the fetus blood Kemp (2012) claims. Compared to the African American women who seek prenatal care early in their pregnancy, also they act to being pregnant as any other women in an ethnic group.Furthermore each one of the cultures has views, and beliefs that they follow during their pregnancy. The Haitian w omen historically would walk, squat, or sit, during labor, practice naturalchildbirth, but since migrating most Haitian women have adopted other practices. The fathers do not participate in delivery, but other female families members offer support Kemp (2012) states. The African American women have many beliefs or myths they believe in during their pregnancy. Pica is the eating of a nonnutritive substance such as soap, needles, dirt, and etc., this practice will help ease pain during delivery, and reduce nausea Galanti (2012) states. Furthermore African American women believe in many beliefs because it will cause harm to them and the unborn baby, during delivery they believe it is ok to be vocal.In addition during delivery African American women will have granny midwives deliver their unborn baby, and others will arrive at the Hospital in advanced labor to reduce the time spent there. Emotional support is provided by other women especially their mother, because men believe it is a p rivate issue between women.The Haitian women believe that postpartum is a crucial period of childbearing, immediately after birth they will dress warmly to become more healthy, and clean. After delivery Haitian women believe that their bones are open which makes them stay in bed 2-3 days postpartum Galanti (2012) states so the bones can close. Another postpartum practice is the three baths, the first three days the mother will bathe in hot boiled water that will have leaves, bought or picked from the field.Then for the next three days the mother will bathe in water and leaves warmed by the sun. At the end of the third week the mother takes the third bath which is cold, Haitian women also avoid fair foods during this period. Compared to the African American women during postpartum period family support is needed to care for them six to eight weeks after delivery Galanti (2012) states. Babies were not named until after they were known to survive, and the placenta has a spirit of its own which has to be buried after birth to avoid having a connection to the baby. Increased vaginal bleeding is a sign of a sickness, and tea is believed to have healing powers Kemp (2012) states.ReferencesGalanti, G. (2012) Cultural Diversity in Health Care African American. Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.ggalanti.orgKemp, C. (2012) Haitians Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.baylor.eduWorld Health judicature (2011) World Global Cultures Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.who.org

Scientific Revolution And Secularism

Scientific R development And SecularismIn the 17th century, Europe had undergone a drastic change in science, philosophy and politics. With new innovations in science, the world began to demystify and doubts began to disappear as new discoveries were beingness accomplished and questions about the anatomy, evolution and valet de chambre were being answered. The Scientific Revolution was an indirect cause of the growth of secularism in Western Europe during the 17th century. Scientists attempted to address issues of humanity and the universe, moreover through new discoveries they challenged preconceived nonions. Galileo Galilei, William Harvey and Sir Isaac Newton were among the many scientists who, through experimentation and analysis, arrived at some of the most important scientific developments in history.Galileo Galilei was an astronomer and a physicist, born in Pisa, Italy and studied at the University of Pisa. He accumulated mathematical and scientific evidence to support the theories Copernicus held of a heliocentric universe, a theory which defied the church and went against Aristotles theory of destiny and a divine plan. Galileo started performing controlled experiments such as rolling balls down slopes and measuring their speeds, he showed that gesture could be described mathematically (Newman, 2002, p.72). Galileos physical experimentation had liberated good deal from confinement of religion and had initiated questioning of the Churchs views. His findings had influenced such philosophers as Locke, Machiavelli and Hobbes who had composed modernistic theories of humans and governments which had little to no style for religion and opinions of the Church. Galileo had challenged three major aspects of the Churchs beliefs, one being that there is unification between celestial and terrestrial mechanics and that the universe is subject to change. The second being his mathematical approach to reasoning which was in sharp contrast to divine revelation as the source of truth and the Church as authority of judgment. Galileos contribute aspect that challenged the beliefs of the Church was his support of the heliocentric cosmology, essentially diminishing the geocentric worldview of importance of humans and the idea of scattered stars with no pattern (Ardent, 2004). By remodeling the telescope, Galileo had since allowed mess to visualize and experience these scientific discoveries. He disproved many long-held assumptions made by the Catholic Church during his time, and through his experimentations encouraged a new train of melodic theme which in turn resulted in the beginning of secularism.Similar to Galileo, William Harvey had made significant discoveries which contrasted the views of the Church. Harvey was an English physician who was not satisfied with divine power as an story for the workings of the human body (Newman, 2002, p.73). His discoveries in human anatomy were one of the most significant achievements in physiology and medicine in the 17th century, but his work had opposed the Creation Story, which led to skepticism of the Bible. Harvey had made the discovery that humans and animals only had a limited amount of blood by cutting unfastened the vein of an animal and allowing it to pour out (Bhatia, 2010). This was considerably different from the previous thought of blood being a natural spirit where it flowed out to live spirits in the heart and animal spirits in the brain (Bhatia, 2010). Harvey did not burden himself with these theories but took it upon himself to solve the mysteries of the human body, separating fact from fiction and moorage the beliefs of the Catholic Church. Distinguishing that the heart was a pump and not a filtration plant where blood simply just passes through (Newman, 2002, p.74) had created a whole new instruction of thinking, people now knew how the heart worked and were beginning to doubt the thought of a divine plan and God creating humans, which brought about though ts of evolution.In 1642, Sir Isaac Newton combined the cognition of Galileo and Harvey, on with his own, to create yet another breakthrough in science which resulted in the growth of secularism. Newton accurately described the movements of objects in the solar organization and how they move under the influence of universal gravitation (Bhatia, 2010). Newton had further influenced secularism by his discoveries in science, his Three Laws of Motion statedif no run acts on an object, it will remain at rest or maintain its constant motion in a straight lineevery change of motion or acceleration is proportional to the force that caused the change and inversely proportional to the objects massfor every action force, there is no equal reaction force in the opposite direction.(Newman, 2002, p.73). These Three Laws of Motion had allowed people to make sense of their actions and the actions of the objects they use on a daily basis. Newton had explained things with concrete evidence, along wi th certain(prenominal) things that had only been explained in biblical texts which allowed more of a separation between government and religion. Science and technology having liberated men from the superstitions of religion, now guaranteed continuous process. (Genovese, 1997). He showed that God does not make everything happen, which caused people to stray from the belief of divine power and use science as a way of explaining the world.Newtons scientific enhancement, along with the works of Harvey on human anatomy and Galileo in astronomy and the universe, had truly boosted the growth of secularism in the 17th century. Through scientific analysis, these three scientists created new thoughts and theories that challenged the assumptions of mankind made by the Catholic Church. It was the beginning of a new era of thinking, an era where evolution of mankind and the universe were proved with scientific evidence and not holy texts. The Scientific Revolution had significantly affected the growth of secularism in the 17th century and has continued to affect secularism in the 21st century, as people still question and doubt Gods existence, faith and religion.

Impact of Work-Related Stress, and Treatment

Impact of Work-Related Stress, and TreatmentStress as the modern day plunk for tortureAbstractIt has been estimated by MIND, the mental wellness charity, that in excess of five million people in the United Kingdom atomic number 18 deplorable such(prenominal) an extreme level of lap related emphasize as to put them at risk of a complete segmentation (cited in Laurence 2005). The nips on case-by-cases suffering from latent hostility frequently results in them being absent from sprain although, whilst they remain in work in that respect are cause on the level of accidents and the productivity rates. With the signifi preemptt financial loss that this gives business, it would be evaluate that managers are highly proactive in reducing the causes and effectuate of render.This reputation sets out to determine if this is legitimate and to measure peoples admitledge of emphasize, their awareness of its prevalence and the ways in which it is being controlled.The research s uggests that managers hit very little contendledge of either of these areas. contempt the increasing level of publicity in both the public and professional press, the task of seek remains unmonitored and its effects inaccurately measured by the majority of the companies questi matchlessd.The guidelines produced by the health and rubber eraser Executive and the legal requirements under the Health and Safety at Work Act have seemingly had no doctor on organisations. Failure to recognise and address the issue of work-related stress will, therefore, lead to it becoming a blight on British industry, being misunderstood, unbridled and poorly measured, as the problem of non-specific back pain was for oft of the scrap half of the last century.The costs of work-related stress are well reported. The European manner for Safety and Health at Work reports that over 40 million days a year are lost to British industry because of stress-related problems (Health and Safety Executive 200 4). A recent report by the mental health charity, MIND, states that more than five million people in the United Kingdom are suffering such as extreme level of work related stress as to put them at risk of a complete breakdown (cited in Laurence 2005).Their report goes on to say that for every 10 generated in the economy, 1 is lost due to stress related issues and that less than 10% of companies have a policy to deal with it (cited in Laurence 2005pg. 16).ACAS report the Health and Safety Executives findings of 1995 that the cost to society of work related stress was 3.7 billion. Lord Layard reported to a Government seminar more recently that he estimates the current costs to be 25 billion (cited in Laurence 2005). It is noned that they do not define what is include in these costs. The most recent statistics show that disability claims due to mental and behavioural disorders has risen from 28% of the total claims submitted in 1997, to 37% in 2003 and is expected to continue to rise (Personnel Today magazine 2005).The subject of stress is appearing more lots in both the popular press and professional publications. ODriscoll et al refer to the work offset and Schuler who suggest that there are four main reason for this concern for private employee healththe financial impact on organisationsorganisational effectiveness and legal obligations on employers to render safe and healthy work environments (ODriscollet al 2002 pg 188).The question remains as to how organisations are monitoring, reducing and managing the stress experienced by their employees and how they can improve in these areas.Literature ReviewStress is not a new phenomenon. It was first identified in 1910 by Sir William Osler who identified that some patients appeared to be under strain during medical treatment. In was not until 1936 that a specific definition of stress as a reception to a demand on a person was reported by Selly (ODriscoll et al 2002). A major level of research was in the1950s, when Lazarus et al examined the effects of stress on work performance. McGrath noted that stress is due to environmental demands exceeding a persons resources and capacity, when the outcomes are important for the person (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg 190) and French et al formalised the role of the environment in stress by saying that strain can result from the twin between the person and the environment on dimensions important to the well-being of the individual (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg 190).Lazarus continued his work to examine the tierce phases of cognitive appraisal of stress. He identified that these are primary election the initial re sue to a risk, secondary the assessment of how to overcome the source and reappraisal judging whether or not the reaction to the source of stress was successful (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002). This work was important as it initiated more investigations into coping mechanisms. Behr and Franzs work differentiated between the conc ept of stressors as the environmental stimulus or event and strains the persons response to the stimulus or event (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg192) and this differentiation became and has remained important when looking at how to deoxidize stress in the workplace (Fontana 1989).It is recognised that stress is a natural instinctive reflexion of life, scarce excessively that work-related stress is becoming global in nature and affects both manual and professional staff in industrialised and developing countries. The University of Manchester engraft of Science and Technology have measured certain jobs as being prone to more than 6 one stress scale rating of 1 to 10. These include miner, police officer and prison officer (Health and Safety Executive 2004).The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the American equivalent of the UKs Health and Safety Executive. NIOSH is a Federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related illness and injury(Saunter et al 1999). Their report, publication number 99-101, cites three statistics to illustrate the problem of work-related stress in the USA. Northwester National Life found that work is the main stressor for a quarter of people, Princeton Survey Research Associates report that three quarters of workers think there is more stress at work than the previous generation experienced and St Paul Fire and Marine insurance policy found that health complaints are much more credibly to be duet factors associated with work than with family or financial problems(Saunter et al 1999).This leads us to determine the make nature of stress.Fontana makes the point that it is not so much the events that determine whether were stressed or not, as our reaction to them(Fontana 1989 pp. 3). He goes on to call individuals reaction to potentially stressful situations as a result of their cognitive appraisal of the situation i.e. what one person sees as being stressful, individual else will not. He cites the philosopher, Epictetus, who said men are not disquieted by things themselves, but by their idea if things (Fontana 1989 pg. 63).The Health and Safety Executive resile this view in defining stress as the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure or other types of demand hardened on them (Saut ret al 1999). Similarly, the European Commissions definition is the emotional, cognitive, behavioural and psychological reaction to aversive and noxious aspects of work, work environments and work organisations. It is a state characterised by high levels of arousal and stress and often by feelings of not coping (Health and Safety Executive 2004). Selly noted that stress is not unceasingly a detrimental emotion. He delimit the difference between eustress, which is seen as positive, motivating and challenging circumstances, which give people an opportunity to stretch themselves and achieve self-satisfaction, and bother, which is where people cannot cope (cited in Foot et al1999). at bottom the human resources professional publications, it is frequently cited that there is no actual definition of stress or its symptoms as it is not a recognised medical term (Personnel Today magazine 2005).However, several writers have described the bodys reaction to stress and the effects it has.Fontana defines stress as the demand on the adaptive capacity of the body and mind and highlights that too little of this demand leads to boredom and under stimulation, whereas too much results in being overstretched and overwhelmed. When faced with a argufy, the natural reaction of the body is that of fight or flight either standing the ground and confronting the source of the challenge or by strategically withdrawing. This fight or flight reaction is meant to be a short term, immediate reaction to perceived danger as a method of survival. If its allowed to continue, it can have an adverse effect. As Fontana points out, our mod ern society doesnt usually allow us physically to fight or run away when we face stressors so that we are allowed to relax. We remain in a state of preparedness for action which we arent permitted to take (Fontana 1989 pp. 6).The bodys responses to stress can be divided into four categories. Firstly, several chemicals are hold outd into the bloodstream including adrenalin, no radelin, thyroid hormones and cholesterol. These stimulate the body through increasing the reflex rate and increasing the blood supply and blood sugar levels to increase the metabolism. However, if this increase in metabolism is not dissipated through physical activity, it can increase the likelihood of heart disease, strokes and kidney disease and aggravate diabetes (Fontana 1989). A racing metabolism can lead to tiredness and exhaustion.The second response is the redirection of blood from those organs which can cope with this forth short term, such as the skin and the stomach, to the air passages in the lun gs to increase the aeration of the blood to feed the muscles. Again, if this continues over an extended period of clip it can resulting digestive problems, bouts of unconsciousness and malfunctions of the bodys natural temperature control mechanism. The third reaction is an increase in concentration abilities. This is ca utilise by the release of endorphins and cortisone which lowers the bodys natural immunity system and decreases the bodys sensitivity to pain. Again, over the long term, this can result in increase susceptibility to infection, ulcers and extreme allergies. Finally, because the blood thickens to accelerate the clotting process in the case of injury, it also becomes more catchy to move round the body, putting pressure on the heart and possibly leading to heart disease and strokes (Fontana 1989).The phenomenon of burn out is described by Malachi as the state where emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation of others in the work context, and feelings of low personal acco mplishment on the job lead to an inability to function in the work environment (cited in ODriscoll teal 2002 pg. 202) and is seen as the end result of unchecked stress.The causes of stress may come from several sources. Work is seen by m both as being a primary source. General organisational problems include insufficient or poorly communicated process and procedures, unclear roles and responsibilities and a lack of basic tools and facilities. A lack of support functions which are often viewed as non-essential, not only increases the workload of individuals who have to do more in their day-to-day activities, but can also lead to feelings of worthlessness.The increased leaning to long or unsociable hours can not only affect the bodys natural circadian rhythm, but can make it difficult to establish and maintain those things which people find help to diffuse their stress e.g. relationships and hobbies. Lack of prospects in apposition can be stressful, although, as will be discussed p osterior, thesis not the case for everyone. A lack of job security is seen as an initiator of stress and becomes particularly significant during a time of miscellany when other stressor may be encountered such as having to alter established work routines and methods. Apart from these general organisational problems, there are a whole legions of specific conditions which lead to high levels of stress (Fontana 1989).NIOSH summarise these as the design of tasks, caution style, interpersonal relationships, work roles, career concerns and environmental conditions (cited in Saunter et al 1999). NIOSH relate a list of eighteen work-related areas that can produce stress (cited in Saunter teal 1999). These are referred to in more depth later in the report. What also needs to be taken into account are the sources of stress outside the workplace which lead to the symptoms being displayed whilst ar twainrk. These include domestic problems and also more deeply seated psychological issues such as obsessionality, sensation seeking and over-identification (Fontana 1989).It has been suggested that certain personality types are more susceptible to stress. Commonly used is the trace between image And Type B people, as initially defined by Cooper and Bram well (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002). Fontana describes this distinction impersonality types as being generally accepted by psychologists and medical doctors. A Type A person displays the characteristics of competitiveness, impatience and inflexibility. They work better when given laborious deadlines and will tend to take a leadership role. They set themselves high standards to achieve and our highly self-critical if they dont achieve them.Although Fontana does not provide details, he claims that Type A people are more likely to develop heart disease and high blood pressure. He goes on to suggest that Type A people are more likely to be susceptible to stress as they are highly competitive and mobilised almost permanently f or action (Fontana 1989 pg. 72). Other writers, Gangster and Schaubroeck 1991, Haskins, Baglioni and Cooper1990 and Froggatt and Cotton, all cited in ODriscoll et al 2002,debate whether Type A people are subject to increased stress because they put themselves in more situations that can be deemed as being stressful because of their competitive nature, or that they are more likely to experience stress in any given situation NIOSH report that whilst some employers believe that remain competitive in the economy, organisations need to exert pressure on their employees to maximise productivity and lop costs, research shows that organisational performance is adversely impacted by the increase absenteeism, error rates and poor motivation. Similarly, they have found that those organisations that incorporate policies that encourage good health in employees showed a corresponding healthiness in their competitiveness in the economy (cited in Saunter et al 1999).This differentiation as to the relative sizeableness of environmental factors over personality traits has remained an important factor in stress research and, consequently, the approaches to managing stress in the workplace. Ivancevich et al suggest three approaches to managing organisational stress. These are reduce the number or intensity of stressors experienced by employees, help employees modify their appraisal of the stressfulness of the situation or help employees in coping more effectively with stressors and their consequences (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg 213).Kahn and Bossier, 1992, identified that the majority of action taken in relation to stress occurred at the second level i.e. involved in changing the way people viewed stressful situations through training and employee assistance programmes (EAPs),rather than trying to remove the actual source of the strain (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg 213). ODriscoll (2002) argues that the evidence for the effectiveness of these programmes is limited a nd that there are questionable benefits to training employees to be able to cope with poor working conditions or practices.Despite this, NIOSH report that nearly half of large companies in the United Sates offer stress charge training to their employees, usually involving such topics as time management and relaxation techniques. They point out that these types of interventions have only a short-term effect on the symptoms of stress as well as emphasising the need to pacify the root causes of the stress (cited in Saunter et al 1999).Elkin and Rosh have put forward a number of actions that could be taken to resolve the stress at source. These include task redesign, allowing flexible work patterns, empowerment of employees and reviewing reward systems to ensure they are equitable. Evaluations of these interventions are reported by ODriscoll as being positive, but he goes on to emphasise that their use has been limited (ODriscoll et al2002). Burke noted that the removal or reduction of stressors is the most direct way to reduce stress since it deals with the source (Burke1993 pg. 85). Whilst he does concede that these approaches may entail immediate costs for the organisation, he also notes that these will be offset by long benefits not only for individual employees but also the organisation as a whole (Burke 1993 pg. 85).NIOSH recommends combined approach, as even if the causes of stress for the majority of employees were removed, because of individual appraisal of stressors, it would be impossible to remove them all. They also emphasise the need for the size and nature of the organisation to be taken into consideration, as what is possible and desirable for a large multinational may not be appropriate or practical for a small enterprise (cited in Saunter et al 1999).NIOSH identify that the three main factors required for an individual to be able to reduce the effects of stressful work conditions are balance between work and family or personal life, a support network of friends and co-workers and a relaxed and positive outlook (cited insurer et al 1999). They also advocate a basic programme to initiate actress prevention programme. This involves awareness building for all employees, securing the support and commitment of the senior management team, seeking an utilising employee input to all areas of the programme and ensuring the technical skills of stress management are incorporated through training specific employees of using the resources of consultants. They see employee involvement as being particularly useful when looking at the job design causes of stress and the employee have first-hand sockledge of the tasks (cited in Saunter et al 1999).The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations of 1999 made employers legally bound to undertake risk assessments in the workplace to identify the potential hazards and to take measures to reduce them. Within the definition of potential hazard s was stress. As there remained some confusion as tithe nature and causes of stress, the HSE developed a series of standards to be used by employers to identify and manage the key causes of stress at work. These are the demands made on employees, the level of control employees have over their work, the support employees receive from managers and colleagues, the organisational policies in place, the clarity of the employees role within the organisation, the nature of relationships at work and the way that reposition is managed(ACAS 2004).In the second half of the last century, a common problem for businesses was the marrow of absence from work due to no specific back pain. As its difficult to prove that someone is not suffering from back pain, concerns existed as to how it could be controlled. It is suggested that, not only may work-related stress take this position as the main cause of absence from work, but also that the two conditions are related. Occupational Health magazine ha s reported the findings of research which indicates that musculo skeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common symptoms of stress (Occupational Health 2004).It is suggested that the rise in incapacity benefit claims related to mental or behavioural problems is directly linked to the decrease in claims for back problems and this is due to doctors being more likely to diagnose mental problems as they have less of a stigma than previously for patients. It is therefore possible, that there has been no actual increase in the amount of stress related illness, rather that it is now called that whereas previously people reported one of the symptom of stress which was back pain (Personnel Today magazine 2005).The difficulties in determining whether a reported illness is merely symptom of the deeper underlying problem of stress leads to questions being raised as to amount of stress experienced by todays workers. Charlesworth (1984) suggests that as many as 75% of all medical complaints are stress related in the United States.MethodolgyThe questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first section was asked only of those in senior management positions such as general managers and personnel managers. This was done to determine organisational policies, procedures and measurement of stress. The second set of questions was asked of everybody and included the senior managers so that the effects of stress on them could also be measured.The questionnaire was sent out to variety of business types including catering, production and financial services. The objective was to gain an overall view of the effects of stress on businesses, not to concentrate on those industries which have been classed as particularly stressful as this would have given a distorted view. A limitation of this approach is noted however, as being that some of the respondents indicated low levels of stress or no stress at all and may have therefore been unable to answer all the questions from personal experience.The main objective of the questionnaire was to collect information on the effects of stress in the workplace, the cost of stress and the benefits of a stress free environment. The questionnaire included admixture of quantitative questions to determine factual information and qualitative questions to collect opinions. As the research did not want to suggest answers to the respondents, all the questions were asked aspen questions. Providing multiple-choice answers may have had detrimental effects on the replies received, as it would provide options the respondent may not have considered.However, it is accepted that there may have been an effect in that people did not realise that point was relevant. For example, in the question regarding the symptoms of stress, the respondents might not consider backache unless it was suggested to them. Two exceptions to this were question nine in the managers questionnaire and question eight in the general questionnaire which examined the respondents views on the sources of work-related stress given by NIOSH (cited in Salter et al 1999).The replies given to all the other questions were then categorised byte writer. When collating the replies on managing stress, the guidelines set out by the Health and Safety Executive were used and the writer determined which category the answer came under (demands, support, control, policies, role and change). It is accepted that this was a potential weakness in this part of the questionnaire as it was based on the writers opinion.The questionnaire was distributed in a postal format to non-senior managers following personal visits to the organisations to conduct separate descry with the senior managers and to gain their consent. Whilst this method has benefits in that respondents would be more likely to be honest as the replies were anonymous (except for those in specific management positions), there are also drawbacks in that a low response rate was expected. To overcome this, the number of questionnaires sent out allowed a population sample of one hundred tube expected with a return rate of 20%.The actual number returned was seventy-five. The questionnaire was conducted on a face-to-face basis for the management roles, as it was important that their questionnaires were returned to provide important information as to policies and procedures. This resulted in a 100% return rate of management surveys. The responses from the general questionnaire were subdivided into those from management and non-management with the supervisors being defined as managers.This allowed better analysis of the results. Where appropriate, it is indicated whether the respondents were manual workers, office based and/or customer facing as this is seen as being relevant to the research. As tell earlier, as the purpose of the research was not to determine which job sectors are more stressful, the results do not differentiate between organisations.Questionaire Managers1. What do you und erstand by the word stress? execute shape of respondents Percentage of respondents An inability to cope with something that causes panic 4 31 Anxiety 5 38 Fear of trial or not being able to continue 7 54 Depression 2 15 When you have too much to do and not enough time or resources to do it 8 62 When you cannot remain rationale about a situation 2 15 Losing control 1 8 Dont know 0 02. What causes stress? final result make out of respondents % of respondents Too much to do and not enough time to do it 6 46 Different things for different people 4 31 Dont know 2 15 Other 1 83. What would indicate to you that an employee is suffering from work related stress? come Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Through being absent and giving stress as the cause 10 77 They would submit a grievance 1 8 They would tell their manager 1 8 Other 0 0 Dont know 1 84. Do you or your organisation, actively measure stress levels amongst your employees, and if yes, how?Answer Number of responde nts Percept of respondents Absenteeism reported as due to stress 10 77 Performance measures 1 8 Combination of these 1 8 Do not actively measure 1 85. How do you evaluate the success of any interventions to reduce stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Look for a reduction in absenteeism with stress given as the reason 12 92 Dont measure 0 0 Staff surveys 1 8 Dont know 0 06. Where is the emphasis of your efforts to manage stressAnswer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Reducing or eliminating the causes of stress 1 8 support employees to modify their appraisal of the stressfulness of situations 0 0 Helping employees in coping more effectively with stressors and their consequences 2 15 Managing attendance issues 8 60 none of these 0 0 No effort 0 0 Dont know 2 157. How do you balance peoples needs for challenge and achievement under pressure with ensuring they are able to cope?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents By setting reali stic targets 9 69 By allowing people to work at a rate they feel comfortable with 0 0 By asking them 0 0 By identifying when stress occurs and reducing it 2 15 Bu setting consistent expectations 2 15 Other 0 0 Dont know 0 08. What do you feel are the main causes of stress in life in general?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents monetary problems 10 77 Relationship problems 6 46 Peer pressure 2 15 Work 3 25 Traffic 7 54 Concerns over the environment 3 25 Concerns over politics 4 30 Concerns over war or terrorist attacks 4 30 Concerns over family members 9 75 Dont know 0 09. Which of the following factors do you believe cause stress to your employees in your workplace?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Workload too much or not enough 2 15 Pace/variety/meaningfulness of work 6 46 familiarity 2 15 Shift work/hours of work 3 23 Physical environment (noise/air quality etc.) 2 15 Isolation at the workplace (e.g. working alone) 0 0 Role conflict 0 0 R ole ambiguity 0 0 Level of responsibility 0 0 Under/over promotion 0 0 Job security 0 0 Supervisors 0 0 Co-workers 0 0 Subordinates 0 0 Threat of violence 0 0 Participation in decision making 0 0 Management style 0 0 Communication patterns 0 0 None of these 0 010. What are your legal obligations in terms of identifying and managing work-related stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents on that point arent any 7 54 Comes under HASAW Act 2 15 Have to complete risk assessments which includes assessing possible sources of risk 1 8 Other 0 0 Dont know 3 2311. What are the HSE standards that organisations should use to identify and manage stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Dont know 13 100 Could name all six 0 0 Could name five 0 0 Could name four 0 0 Could name three 0 0 Could name two 0 0 Could name one 0 012. What actions do you take under each of the HSE standardsAnswer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Demands 7 54 Support 6 46 Control 4 31 Policies 7 54 Role 0 0 Change 5 38 Other 0 0 Dont know 0 0a. demands ensuring employees do not become overloaded and unable to cope with the amount of work they are asked to do (job design, flexible hours and training) b. support management style and degree of intervention c. control allowing employees to have input into how they complete their tasks d. relationships personnel policies on grievance, poor performance etc. e. role induction, objectives f. change managing change13. How would one of your employees alert management if they were experiencing work-related stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Through grievance procedure 8 62 During appraisal 7 54 Through formal representatives e.g. union of employee consultative committee 4 31 Would just say 0 0 Dont know 0 0 Other 0 014. What are the symptoms of stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Being absent from work 4 31 Panicking 4 31 Nervousness 2 15 Heart pr oblems 1 8 Crying 7 54 Alcohol and drug use 6 46 Accidents in the workplace 1 8 Dont know 0 0 Other15. What is the absence rate in your organisation?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents 0 2% 7 69 2 4% 5 8 4 6% 0 8 6 8% 1 15 Dont know 0 016. What percentage of this absence level is due to stress related illnesses? Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Less than 10% 9 69 More than 10% but less than 30% 1 8 More than 30% but less than 50% 1 8 More than 50% but less than 75% 2 15 More than 75% 0 0 Dont know 8 6217. What is the financial impact of stress in your workplace?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents figure the same as any absence from work 13 100 Dont measure 0 0 Dont know 0 018. What do you include when you measure the financial impact of stress which you do not include when measuring the cost of other reasons for absenteeismAnswer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Reduced productivity 0 0 Employee turnover 0 0 Absenteeism 0 0 Medical costs 0 0 Recruitment 0 0 Use of temporary staff 0 0 Retraining costs 0 0 Loss of production 0 0 Poor customer service 0 0 None 13 100 19. Which level of employee do you feel is more susceptible to stress in your organisation?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Senior managers only 0 0 Blue collar workers only 3 23 place managers only 0 0 All management levels 8 62 Everyone is equally susceptible 2 15 Dont know 0 020. What type of

Marketing Report Of Tesco Marketing Essay

trade Report Of Tesco trade EssayAim of this easy focus on Tesco selling operating theatre and how they control their domestic and international market. The information that use in this report is secondary data and withal diametrical techniques, analysis much(prenominal) as PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, Marketing unite analysis, market plane sectionation, targeting analysis etceteraare use to disc over Tescos market position in national and international place.executive Summary 2The main aim of market is to understand nodes needs and to baffle a right way that mountain cover all this innate matter. Basically selling jobs is make sure always and find out about guest requirements. 22Introduction 5Definitions of Marketing 5Main Characteristics of Marketing 6Key elements of market predilection 7Bene checks of marketing approach 7Cost of marketing approach 8Market preference assessment 8Market segmentation criteria 9Targeting scheme 10Affects of buyer appearance 11Marketing Mix 13 diametric amidst domestic and international market 15 contrastive marketing strategy of Tesco 16SWOT analysis of TESCO 19http//wc1.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/06_Quality_Control/SWOT_Diagrams/SWOT_Diagram_-_Market_Analysis_L.jpg (access-07-01-2010) 19 some other element of marketing miscellanea 21 expiration 23Recommendation 23Based on this analysis we locoweed say that TESCO doing vary hygienic sell market in UK. Now they expand their business all over the world and for that TESCO need to care full about there marketing because different country has different type of client and their needs also no same. 23IntroductionTESCO is meridian leading retailer in UK. It manages over a thousand supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience store in the United Kingdom, Ireland, central Europe, and Asia. TESCO started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started surplus groceries from a stall in the easternmost end of London. MR Cohen made profit of 1 from sales o f 4 on his first day. TESCO brand first appear five years after in 1942 when he bought shipment of tea from a MR T. E Stock wellhead. From that time TESCO slowly improve in retail business and now they are analyse top position in UK retail business. Tesco aim is provide best products for their node and make sure about customer requirements.Definitions of MarketingThe definitions of marketing of marketing can be divided into two categoriesClassical (narrow) andModern (board)The classical definition of marketing has several weaknesses that are overcome in the modern definition. A right(a) definition of marketing should not be confined to goods and service. It should cover organization (for example, Florida Orange growers), people (political candidates and celebrities), place (Denver, Colorado), and ideas (the assess of a college education). Figure 1-1 definition of marketing-Classical / narrowModern / board1. Marketing is the performance activates that direct the flow goods and se rvice from producer to consumer or user. (Ralph S.Alexander (Chairman), Report of the definitions committee, journal of marketing, vol. 12 (October 1948), pp. 202-217)1. Marketing is the deepen taking place between consuming groups on the one hand and supplying groups on the other.(Wroe Alderson, marketing Behavior and Executive Action (Hoewood, 3 Richard D. Irwin, 1957), p. 42).2. Marketing is the process in a society by which the demand structure for economic goods and service is anticipated or en orotundd and satisfied finished the conception, promotion, and physical distribution of such goods and services. (Statement of the Philosophy of the marketing faculty, the Ohio state University, The journal of marketing, vol. 29 (January 1965), pp. 43-44).2. Marketing is concerned with regulating the level, timing, and character of demand for one or more products of an organization. (Philip kotler, The major task of marketing Management, Journal of Marketing, vol. 37 (October 1973), p. 42).3. Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and by path of ex transmute processes. (Philip kotler, Marketing Management Planning, Analysis, and Control, fourth edition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice-hall, 1980), p. 19).Main Characteristics of Marketingthither are four main characteristics of marketing oriented organization merchandiseion druthers This is organizational or values where competitive advantage is attained through and through increase productivity or volume. Its a traditional orientation that exists in the hydrogen ford era. In modern times this is practiced in compliment with other orientations. convergence Orientation An organizational culture where competitive advantage gained through the creation of product leadership (high quality features) becomes the sole objective of a business.Sales orientations An organizational culture where competitive advantage attainted through the creation of lord sales force to generate adequate sales becomes t he objectives of a business. Carphone warehouse attained its objectives through telemarketing.Marketing Orientations An organizational culture where beating competition through the creation of superior customer value is the paramount objective throughout the business (piercy, market led strategic change 2001).Key elements of market orientationThe main key elements of market orientation areCustomer orientation Understanding customer well enough to create superior value for them. coarse term profit focus Having this as strategic focus business objective.Interfunctional coordination Mobilising all company resource to create value for target customer.Competitor orientation Awareness of the short and long term capabilities of competitions.Organizational Culture Management and employee behavior to focus on customer satisfactions a value.These are the key aliments that must be flow in oriented organization.Benefits of marketing approachHigh customer satisfaction, faithfulness and retent ionIncrease sales and market share developing in profitabilityEnhanced competitive advantageImproved corporate imageCost of marketing approachIncreasing customer expectationsStaff train and development needsTechnology requirement for customer contact and improved ways of doing businessIncrease resource demand to providing customer specific marketingComplex customer growing needs and powerMarket orientation assessmentCustomer orientationRegular collection of information on customer needsCustomer focus corporate policies and objectivesRegular customer satisfaction review and improved service levelsResponsiveness to customer needsMarket offers reflecting the heterogeneous needs of distinct segmentsCompetitor orientationRegular collection of information on competitor activitiesResponsiveness to competitor actionsBench marking on competitor offeringDifferentiating on the basis of customer needsMarket segmentation criteriaIn addition to having different needs, for segments to be practic al they should be evaluated against the following criteria diagnosable the differentiating attributes of the segments must be measurable so that they can be identifiedAccessible the segments must be reachable through communication and distribution channels. impregnable the segments should be sufficiently large to justify the resource required to target them.Unique needs to justify separate offerings, the segments must respond differently to the different marketing mixes.Durable the segments should be relatively stable to minimize the cost of frequent changes.A good market segmentation go out result in segment that are internally homogenous and externally heterogeneous, that is, as similar as possible indoors the segment, and as different as possible between segments.Base for Segmentation in consumer marketsConsumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteristicsGeographicDemographicPsychographicBehavioralistichttp//www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ ( access-05-01-2010)Targeting StrategyThere are several different target-market strategies that may be followed. Targeting strategies usually can be categorized as one of the followingSingle-segment strategy also known as a concentrated strategy. One market segment (not the entire market) is served with one marketing mix. A single-segment approach often is the strategy of survival for smaller companies with limited resources.Selective specialization this is a multiple-segment strategy, also known as a differentiated strategy. Different marketing mixes are offered to different segments.Product specialization the firm specializes in serving a particular product and tailors it to different market segments.Market specialization the firm specializes in serving a particular market segment and offers that segment an array of different products.Full market coverage the firm attempts to serve the entire market. This coverage can be achieved by means of either a mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated marketing mix is offered to the entire market, or by a differentiated strategy in which a separate marketing mix is offered to each segment.The following diagrams show examples of the five market natural extract patterns given three market segments S1, S2, and S3, and three products P1, P2, and P3.SingleSegmentSelectiveSpecializationProductSpecializationMarketSpecializationFull Market reportingS1S2S3P1P2P3S1S2S3P1P2P3S1S2S3P1P2P3S1S2S3P1P2P3S1S2S3P1P2P3http//www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ (access-05-01-2010)A firm that is visualiseking to enter a market and grow should first target the most attractive segment that matches its capabilities.Affects of buyer behaviorOne of the most important parts of marketing is buyer or customer behavior. Because of that TESCO must understand why a customer or buyer makes a purchase. Without such an understanding it is hard for TESCO to respond customers needs and wants.According to Peter Clark, co-editor o f the Wise Market and co-author of the loyalty prevail reports series, there are six major cyphers that play key roles in influencing the loyalty and commitment of customerhttp//www.thewisemarketer.com/ upstarts/read.asp?lc=w29860tx2320zs (access-05-01-2010)This six factors working when every customer goes to buy something. There for TESCO contain to this factor. Because of customer different needs TESCO has focus to maintain what they want and it also depend on different buying situation.There are two main factors that influence a purchaseCultural factor Cultural factors fool a significant impact on customer behavior. Culture is the most basic cause of persons wants and behavior. Growing up, children learn basic values, perception, and wants from the family and other important groups.Social factor A customer buying behavior is also influenced by social factors, such as the groups to which the customer belongs and social status.http//www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_intr oduction.asp (access-5-01-2010)This all factor effects on TESCO marketing operation because customer is now king and every business have to make sure about there needs. For example in local anaesthetic market means UK TESCO can sale pork but in Asian market it is not possible to sale pork in every place. Organization business to make sure about customer requirements and also maintain there cultural and social wants.Marketing MixThe concept of a marketing mix is best described by (1990, 43) claiming that is the fructify of controllable marketing variables that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market it is compose of 4ps product, price, place, and promotion. In the context of TESCO, their entry to the Chiness market should significantly adapt to the culture of the consumer in the said location. However, the company should take into salvage in mind the basic standards to which their company adheres to.Product The management of TESCO should set off pro duct development strategies once they have taken control of their shop in China by marketing their vivacious products, exporting products in different province of the country and in so doing pressing forward on the possible opportunities of boosting the companys market penetration and market share. Tesco should take in restoring or revising models of their product to provide the Chiness customers what they want and what they need. In this way Tesco could develop the stores own brand product which could be marketed strategically within the ground of china.Price Looking at the situation of Tesco, one way that it could acquire cost advantage is by enhancing process efficiency, expanding exclusive contact to a large supplier of pass up cost materials, or steering clear of several costs in general. If rival organizations in the country are incapable to lower their costs by a comparable quantity, Tesco testament be capable of sustaining a competitive anchored cost leadership.Place To develop its success in its retail operations, the Tesco should make multi-million pound investments in store expansion in low-income districts and localities. By getting involved with similar-minded public and private sector groups same(p) local conjunction based associations, colleges, and chambers of commerce, the Tesco will be able to open sites in economically disadvantage districts in china. Targeting these areas will enable the company to gain of local luminaries and gain favor from the local government by providing employment to the locals.Promotion The Tescos approach should constitute a long-standing strategic plan that centers on generation value to expand the loyalty of their customer which takes account of preserving a well-built central Chinese business, to be as strapping in non-food as food product and services, to develop globally and to set the ball rolling on retailing services like on-line shopping.http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/tesco-mar keting-mix.html (access-05-01-2010)The bottom-line is that object of the marketing mix is to satisfy the customer and in this analysis we can see place play most important roll in china situation. Because of that Tesco not catch that much success like UK or other place. Other hand tesco product price is contribute to get success of Tesco and for that in UK Tesco is a number one retail company.Different between domestic and international marketThere are eight main factors which is play the key roles to different between domestic and international market. The factor is belowMarket sizeMarket rate of growthGovernment regulationEconomic and political factorMarket shareProduct fitContribution permissivenessMarket support(Marketing Today Gordon Oliver 3rd edition (1990) prentice hall Inter. (UK) limited. Hertfordshire)These are the key factor which is making different in global and domestic market. For example In the case of Tesco, Malaysia, economic development condition, food supply ch ains are being rationalized according to more tangled major retail and food service consumers who wants to make business with fewer, larger, better-resourced manufacturers, suppliers and farmers. Therefore, power is polarizing the global retail industry. However Tesco has a long term business strategy in order increase profits, the company has three different dimensions in their strategies, and these are corporate, functional and global or international. In this example we can see that how and why international marketing operation of Tesco deferent from domestic market operation.http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/11/strategic-marketing-tescopestleswotbcg.html (access-06-01-2010)Different marketing strategy of TescoTesco brought about o lot of changes in these marketing strategies and has grown to become UKs number one retailer. Today in the UK, the retailer has been dominant force more than 10 years-(Seth, A. Randall G., The Grocers The Rise and Rise of the superma rket Chains). If we whole step in Tesco history we can see Tesco always change there strategy within time base and for that they get success constantly.In 1973 Lesile porters beer and managing director lan MacLaurin applied one philosophy that is pile it high, sell it cheap which had left the company stagnating and with a bad image. In 1977 Tesco launched Operation substantiation which included the abandonment of green Shield stamps, price reductions and centralized buying for all stores. The result is a rise in market share of 4% in two month.1990sIn 1994 the company took over the supermarket chain William Low, successfully fighting off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm which operated 57 stores.Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded Clubcard in 1995 and later an profits shopping service. In 1997 Tesco and Esco (part of Exxonmobil) forged a business alliance that included several petrol filling displace on lease from Esco, with Tesco operating the attached store s under the Express format. Ten years later over 600 Tesco/Esco stores can now be found across the UK.2000sIn October 2003 the company launched a UK telecoms division, comprising mobile and home phone service, to complement its existing internet service provider business. August 2004, it also launched a wideband service.In 2007 Tesco took part in a joint venture with O2 to from the Tesco Mobile virtual network operator in Ireland. In April 2009, Tesco announced that it had created a super tomato doesnt leak. We can see here that how Tesco change their strategy from beginning to until now.Other hand we can see Toscos almost entire relationship marketing strategy based on its Clubcard scheme. It has been able to use the Clubcard very effectively in addressing different customer segments and in attracting customers of all types.PESTEL Analysishttp//www.learnmarketing.net/pestmarketing.jpg (access 17-12-09)PEST analysis shows the main external impacts of organization. PESTEL stands for political, economical, sociological, technological, ethical, and legal, in TESCO the following external will have great effects whether negatively or positively.Political following the European desegregation and free trade Agreements, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in hungry.Economic the sell sector is fairly recession prawn and also very sensitive t change in interest rates. Since the events of September 11th the world economics have suffered heavily, stock plummeted and price is at all time lows. The world economy is however, now on the up post September 11th.Sociological flip in consumer taste and lifestyle represent both opportunity and threats for the industry.Technological change in retailing methods as such clothes sales via the internet is now a common place in retailing. Paperless operation, the management and administration of the company are undertaken on IT system, which are accessed through secure servers provide tractableness in the running of the business.Environmental the threats are in terms of legal consequence for livestocks in terms of heath and safety. The renewal source of resource used in production, namely cotton and wool are environmentally friendly.Legal the legal factor is national legislation for health and safety both in terms of consumer and also in terms of production of own natural renewable resource for making clothes.http//www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php (access-07-01-2010)SWOT analysis of TESCOhttp//wc1.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/06_Quality_Control/SWOT_Diagrams/SWOT_Diagram_-_Market_Analysis_L.jpg (access-07-01-2010)StrengthsTESCO have secured commercial standing within the global market place wining Retailer of the Year 2008 at the World Retail Awards this can be used marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainability.In an environ ment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets.As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds.WeaknessesTESCO pay profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims.TESCOs position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on must have commercial items.Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist in specific areas of product which can be capitalized on by other smaller bespoke retailer.Whilst legitimate economic conditions suggest TESCO key value massage will succeeded there is a weakness in nonessential, mind to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes.Opportun itiesStatistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale.The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow international markets for the group.The development of TESCO Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for large non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sale and margin per foot return to space.TESCO mobile have grown million customer in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed.ThreatsUK and America markets have been affected by economic through the credit crunch Lower available income and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price archit ecture. acclivity raw material costs from both foods will impact profit margins overall.Changes to consumer buying behaviors require further analysis as technology develops consumers buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation.For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover form the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and cause to pursue such action.http//www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analyis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/(access-07-01-2010)Another element of marketing mixPeople People play c crucial role in the production and legal transfer of products and service. The physical presence of people performing the job is a vital aspect of customer satisfaction.The people mix issuecareful job selectioncareful policies of selectionInstitute programmers in staff training etc.Process process involved the ways in which the markets task is achieved.The process mixcompany policiesaccessibilityservice featureCapacity levels et c.Physical The physical evidence relates to those aspects of the service provider that customer can see and flee so as to from an impression of the service or its provider.The physical evidence mixlogoscoloursequipmentcompany vehicleslabelsPackaging etc.Three new marketing mixes also create importance in marketing. There fore Tescos marketing operation also effect by this new marketing mix.ConclusionPresent time Tesco is the number one retail company in UK. They expand there business all over the world for example China, India, Malaysia etc. TESCO have to understand that international marketing and domestic marketing both are complex process. Therefore they have to maintain their marketing progress and keep focusing on customer. In this report we try to show that how Tesco operate there marketing system, what is there aim, and what they can do. So TESCOs main objective is to take long term decision to make profit and also full-fill customer needs.RecommendationBased on this analysi s we can say that TESCO doing vary well retail market in UK. Now they expand their business all over the world and for that TESCO need to care full about there marketing because different country has different type of customer and their needs also no same.

Lord Of The Flies Vs. Huck Fin :: essays research papers

ResponsibilityIn todays society, human beings must learn to work care of something or someone,and that is a responsibility that they must uphold. In both the Lord of the Flies, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the responsibility of the boys is to manage by themselves without any(prenominal) adults to take care of them. The events in William Goldings book Lord of the Flies can be easily compared to those of Mark Twains book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, because the main characters both expect major responsibilities. There are two responsibilities that the characters came in contact with, taking care of people,including themselves, and being responsible enough to do the right thing. Thus, responsibility helps individuals to germinate and mature. Taking care of yourself, as well as others is an enormous responsibility. In both books, the main characters must take care of themselves because they do not cut who they can trust. The boys in the Lord of the Flies basical ly have to resist their own lives, for they are on an island with no one to run to except themselves, or some of the other boys that they trust. Although, the ones they trust are already fending for themselves. The characters all go through changes as they adjust to their new world, and become different people because of it. In example to this, Jack seems like a strong willed character at the start of the book, but the other boys never would have imagined he would turn into a cold blooded killer. Therefore, they must learn to take care of themselves for they can not depend on Jack or any of the older boys, to be there for each and every one of them. It is proven that each boyhas this responsibility in the following quote Merridew turned to Ralph. Arent there any grown-ups? No. Merridew sat down on a trunk and looked round the circle. Then well have to look after ourselves. (Golding 17)This is an immense responsibility for the boys, because they never had to live on their own before they arrived on the island. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, both Jim, the run outside(a) nigger, and Huck choose the responsibility of taking care of themselves. This is because they both run away from the lives they had been living. But looky here, Huck, who wuz it dat uz killed in dat shanty ef it warnt you?

Rawls Justice Is Fairness :: essays research papers

Phil.104Word Count Take Home Exam 1 Essay-2John Rawls never claimed to know the only way to start a society, but he did suggest a very sound and fair way to do so. He based his just scenario on two principles of justice. His eldest principle of justice was that everyone should chip in the same rights as others. His following policy decision was that in the event of any inequalities, they should be to the benefit to everybody, and available to alone race in the society. This original Rawls approach to justice has been highly revered by philosophers to this day. This is mostly because Rawls has thought up one of the fairest Utopia since the old age of Socrates. This is not an easy of a task as it sounds. Though when analyzed by even the most nave philosophers, it seems that Rawls scenario base of principles are charming obvious and simple. Maybe because some of these same principles can be found in present day society. The United States tries to pride itself in maintaining these two principles at all costs. In some countries even regarding these principles as fair can cause you to go away for a very long time. The most unremarkably known to the term political prisoner is Gedhun Choekyi Niyami, the eleventh Panchen Lama, as proclaimed by the Dalai Lama in 1995. The record holding youngest political prisoner is a nine-year-old Chinese boy seized by the Chinese Government. A parent should have no fear of losing a child like this. Under Rawls system, tragedies such(prenominal) as this are virtually impossible. Under the first principle that states the rights of all are equal. Rawls principles were found justified by visualizing real people forming a system of laws including the ramifications of a justified rush. A justified complaint is an accusation by a member of society against another member of society. To have a system of justice the society must have means of answering the beckoning of the populace. If a society does not attend to the offense of its ow n people then it is not a true society. Society is based on the principle of a consensus unanimously choosing their governing rules and laws. However the limitations of a justified complaint are unclear depending on what the consensus agrees to. Though the one rule that must apply is the fact that a complaint must be made by a law abider to be a justified complaint.