The Moral Implications of Oretga and Gasset's Account of Barbarism Essay

The Moral Implications of Oretga and Gasset's Account of Barbarism - Essay Example For example, missionaries of humanity civilize savage race by using sword and fire because there is no other method than violence to transform the savage people from their way of life. After applying these violent methods, principles of civilization gradually develops and creates various forms of a human being’s spiritual manifestation that are called philosophy, religion, art and science and other forms of social life that enable an individual to enjoy freedom, security, leisure and self manifestation in greater spheres of activity. Thus barbarism transforms itself into civilization. As mentioned earlier, civilization is the beginning of all principles and ideas and all the knowledge for this transformation comes from the ideas preserved during the previous civilization. However, simultaneous to the beginning of civilization destruction and violence also arises and as a result, barbarism grows along with civilization. The parallel growth of barbarism side by side with the civ ilization can be easily traced in our society. In ancient times, the savage used to kill his enemy and in the cultured times, man has a wide range of technical devices, explosives, aero planes, poisonous gas and submarines to get rid of the enemy. These sophisticated weapons are the modern forms of the club and they are different only in the power and action. These are the civilized means of destruction and this cultured method and means of violence is the culture of barbarism (Ouspensky p.39). Barbarism thus exists in our society in the form of violence to gain control over another state, religion, morals and ideas and in the every other factor imaginable. The basic ambition of a modern society, its interests and tastes comprises of barbaric traits. The passion for competition, gambling, sport and the idea to influence, and behaviors like fear, panic and suspicion are features of barbarism. These features flourish in our daily life through technical culture by means of telegraph, q uick means of communication, wireless telegraphy and the like. Culture has established a differentiation between itself and barbarism. The manifestation of barbarism in the society is called crime. Prevailing criminology is insufficient to separate barbarism because crime is an infringement of law and law are usually a manifestation of violence and barbarism. Though the culture of civilization and barbarism develops simultaneously these two factors cannot sustain in the society indefinitely. A moment inevitably arrives when barbarism stops the development of civilization, and swiftly or gradually, completely destroys civilization (Ouspensky p.40) Why is philosophical barbarism important to the reader? The difference between barbarism and non barbarism is. Ortega y Gasset implicates that the people in modern society has the right to change and impose law directly. The common man has freedom to proclaim the rights and impose them wherever necessary. This indirectly means that common m an can control the process of civilization even if there is no progress in it. It is indeed extremely complex to preserve the current civilization that requires incalculably subtle powers. Even if a person is unfit to change the civilization, the common man has learned to utilize the advantages of the machinery built by the civilization by ignoring the principles of the civilization. The command of leaders over the public even though they are intellectually vulgar is not acceptable to culture because

Rights of Homosexuals Essay Example for Free

Rights of Homosexuals Essay Almost everyone knows Ellen DeGeneres—she is just the very famous TV personality who publicized her admission that she is a â€Å"homosexual,† even chronicling her daily life (in a very comical and amusing way) in a television show in the early 90’s. Even until now, she is still a famous person as she is now a much-acclaimed TV host with her own show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and is married—to a girl. Ellen’s story can be a proof of how far society and the press have openly accepted the homosexuals. Homosexual people can be pertained to both gay people (who are usually involved in a male-male relationship) and lesbians (who are in a female-female relationship). However, being â€Å"gay† can also be applicable to both male-male and female-female relationships and is now accepted more by the general public compared to the period before the 50’s. The visibility of the gay people is now so flamboyant that a person is left to wonder: â€Å"Was there a time when they were persecuted? † The answer to that question is a resounding â€Å"yes. † There was indeed a time when the gays and lesbians were thought of as a minority group in the most degrading way possible. It is surprising and amazing how they were once regarded as criminals and â€Å"mentally ill and immoral† (Gross xiv). Today however, they are now so accepted that shows, series, and movies are being produced and have become popular one after another. Their story of how they fought for visibility, recognition, and liberation from being closeted is worthy of a re-telling and a movie that can be surely made into a Hollywood hit. This paper will recount the important events and personalities which has made homosexual empowerment possible and the tremendous role that the media played in the whole thing. The Power of the Press Mass media is undeniably a very powerful force that has a great and influential impact in the daily lives of the people. Weather reports, economic and political news, fashion forecasts, music videos, commercials, and infomercials—the media holds a great variety and a vast amount of information which is being fed and devoured by the general public, and whether they like it or not, these information are affecting them on a personal and naturally, on a major scale, too. What is media exactly and what is its purpose? There are a great number of these speculations, but it actually depends on how it is being used and by who: â€Å"The purposes of communication have always remained the same: artists wish to entertain and stimulate; entrepreneurs aim to make money; governments and interest groups hope to inform or persuade; advertisers help to sell goods and ideas† (Cannon). Because of the media, communication to the greater and general public is faster and easier. Even if it is undeniable that the mass media has brought negative effects, there are still positive things which everyone should be and is grateful for. As what Buckingham has written in his report, the negative and positive effects are undeniably linked together, as what is expected from everything in the society today: The negative effects of media may be impossible to separate from their positive effects. Potential positive effects relate to learning and education, as well as processes such as social interaction, identity formation and cultural experience. Apparently ‘inappropriate’ content may also provide valuable opportunities for learning. In seeking to prevent negative effects, it is important to ensure that we do not also undermine or preclude the potential for positive effects. (3) There are a lot of things which people and the society should credit to media. Aside from the usual studies and researches that prove the effects and influences that it does to people (as that to Buckingham’s) that are both positive and negative, and the information (overload) that is happening on an almost daily basis, the media can also be credited to the fact that a lot of important historical events have happened because of them—they either made it such a big issue that it is impossible for people not to mobilize and address the conflicts or issues. Media (or the people from the press) have more than often put their lives on the line in order to inform the public about the truth that is happening around them. The press can perhaps be perplexing because they are just so powerful that they can mobilize the people when they tell the truth (or sometimes, their version of it) whether people want to hear it or not. Sometimes, they are even more so powerful that they can not tell the truth and keep the public in the dark. Almost many events that have happened globally are reported by the press, and sometimes, these events are even caused by the media. In addition, all these things that have happened in the past can still affect the present and the future. Harvey Milk and Matthew Sheppard for example are just two individuals whose advocacy and death was made known to the public television that it made thousands of people act against the discrimination to lesbian, gay and transgender people (Lacayo, Barovick, Cloud and Duffy). Their stories which have been so abuzz with controversies were so popular in the past, and yet, years later, people still look back to these two brave individuals and how their death has affected many. Hollywood, for instance, has even made a movie based on Harvey Milk and his advocacy for the equal protection for the gay and lesbian community. In simple terms, media has immortalized important historical events, and life-changing and influential people by talking about them that even in later years, people are still influenced by them. In short, media has played such a very important role in the people’s lives, and the best way to exemplify this conclusion is through a recount of the evolution and expansion of the gay rights which has been well chronicled by the press. The journey that the gay, lesbian, and transgender people have endured and lived through is such an agonizing story of death, sacrifices, and eventually, of freedom and respect. Homosexuality There has been a great confusion of the definition of who are the gay, lesbians, bisexuals, and the transgender. Vast studies and characterization can be used as a reference to define these people. Over the years, the description of gay, lesbians, bisexuals, and the transgender has also evolved along with their liberation and the development of their basic human rights. Homosexuality is not new and not a disease—according to today’s judgment, that is. However, decades ago, it was a different case altogether. In the past, gay people were defined by having relationships with people of the same sex—if one made out or has a â€Å"special friend† that is the same gender that he or she does, and then he or she is defined as a gay person. However, different groups suggest otherwise. Long ago, being a gay person meant that one is a â€Å"criminal, mentally ill, and immoral† (Gross xiv). There are different cases though as according to TIME Magazine, being a homosexual person has grounds based on â€Å"The Institute of Sex Research, founded by Alfred C. Kinsey, [which] defines a homosexual as anyone who has had more than six sexual experiences with a member of the same gender. † However, as of now, as human rights are being demanded by people of all groups, being a gay person is not so considered as a crime anymore—in many parts of the globe, that is. Homosexuality has become very apparent in the society nowadays that if a person is to declare him- or herself as gay (like Ellen DeGeneres for example), it is not such a big and horrifying issue, but it is still an issue. How far has the â€Å"outing† (Gross ix) of homosexual people gone through in the past until the current time? If a person would look at the facts, it would not be surprising and only right to be amazed. Homosexual Advocacy, its Evolution and their Human Rights Homosexuality can be traced even as far as to the ancient Romans whose emperors were rumored to be bisexuals, and the surprising thing is—the society back then was not as against it compared to the American society back in the 50’s or 60’s. Moreover, farther from the ancient Romans are the biblical passages and accounts of homosexuals being punished in the Promised Land of Israel with the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. God was furious with the sexual criminal acts that the Sodomites were doing that He decided to destroy the city completely. Unfortunately, this story is what is usually used by Christians or anti-homosexual groups in trying to voice out their opinion and displeasure with the gay people. However, the call for the gay rights did not exactly happen overnight or in a snap. This was a very slow and painstaking process that actually originated with the call of the African-Americans to equality with the white Americans. Racial discrimination has been a long standing issue experienced globally but was most experienced in the United States of America since people from all parts of the globe were actually migrating to the US as they were lured by its promise of greener pastures. Eventually, the discrimination against the minority groups—African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asians who constituted the population of the majority, were advocated by a number of famous people, and most notable of them is in the person of Martin Luther King Jr. He was assassinated for fighting in what he believed in—that equality should reign among age, gender, and most especially that of race. The advocacy and dispute of the blacks vs. the whites eventually paved the way for the fight for recognition of the homosexuals (Gerstmann 3; TIME). However, even if the homosexual (and bisexual) community were inspired by the advocacy of the African-Americans, they still had a far way to go with regard to their decision to be out in the open and eventually fight for their liberation. There were many factors which comprised the fight of the homosexual community, and unfortunately, it involved a lot of death and sacrifices that were publicized by the media. According to Larry Gross in his book, Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America, the first ever advocacy for gay recognition and empowerment happened in the person of Lisa Ben who gave out copies of a magazine that â€Å"signaled the first stirrings of the modern gay rights move ¬ment in the United States† (xiii). What she did was both courageous and dangerous, for in those years, being a homosexual person meant persecution because it was considered a crime. As what a gay person was found saying in the BBC video about the Stonewall Riot, â€Å"the word homosexual cannot even be uttered. † Years later after Lisa Ben’s small magazine and advocacy, gay movements were mobilized little by little but were not very successful as they were often beaten up by the police for being â€Å"fags† or â€Å"drag queens. † The early 1960s can be also said that it had the same turn of events as that of the 50s. It was only during the late 1960’s that people finally acted and pursued their one goal—equality—freedom, respect, basic rights will follow after and come with it (Bendersky; Gross). The most famous Stonewall riot that happened in the month of June 1969 in Greenwhich Village, New York City was a historic landmark for their fight for equality: â€Å"The turning point came in the summer of 1969 in Manhattans Greenwich Village, when 400 gays flooded the streets for several nights to protest police raids on the Stonewall Inn, a homosexual bar on Christopher Street† (TIME). With the riots, movements, and publication of weeklies (like of Grant Ford’s Gay Life), the community of the gay, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender was soon heard and felt by the people not only in the United States of America; people around the globe also became aware of their fight: The struggle is being fought on many levels. Politically, the movements victories are now barely balancing its defeats. Thirty-nine cities, towns and counties, including Detroit, Washington, D. C. , and Minneapolis, have enacted ordinances forbidding discrimination against homosexuals in jobs and housing, but only five of those communities have been added to the list in the past two years. (TIME) When the famous Harvey Milk was elected in the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, another milestone in their advocacy was again met. Harvey was out in the open as a gay person, and he was elected in a high position in the society. Milk made such a great impact because not only was he a politician—he was a politician who is gay and who is demanding for an anti-discrimination gay act to be passed. Moreover, when the advocacy of the Church was made clear that they were against gay rights and that teachers who are gay should not be deemed fit to teach in public schools, Milk fought hard against that judgment. Eleven months later, Milk was killed, and the act was passed. In addition, the Civil Service Commission ruled in 1975 that being a homosexual person should not be the grounds for a person to be unemployed. When Milk died, it was not only the gay community who was enraged by this event but also people from all over. Even the straight ones were now on the same side, and the fight was biggest and strongest as ever with the equality for the homosexual people (Bendersky). People have now become more open to the concept of homosexuality and has come to grips with the reality that people should be accepted for how they are. How unbelievable it may seem when years ago, the gay and lesbian people were being beaten up by the police and or being horrifyingly mistreated by the straight community that they are even publicly put on trial and/or persecuted; and yet, decades later, the world has opened up to them. As what appeared in the TIME Magazine issue which has been cited for seemingly countless times in this paper, companies and corporations on a national level have publicly voiced out that â€Å"they do not discriminate in hiring or promoting people because they are homosexual. † The most ground breaking is the support and the next step of the media. As what is understandable, if the media is able to openly portray and even give a spot on stories or characters who are homosexuals in a non-villain role, then it means the general public is able to accept and watch such role being enacted out: â€Å"Television and movies are treating gay themes more openly and sympathetically. ABCs hit series Soap, for example, has two homosexual characters, one a macho football player† (TIME). Years later, although things have been better in terms of the gay people being not regarded as retards or criminals, they are still far from fully realizing their goal. If in the past they were fighting for freedom from discrimination or safety and survival from those people who made it a point to not only discriminate the gay people but to also hurt and in some cases, even kill them, the 90’s brought in a new fight—the homosexual people want to get married. According to Gerstmann, there is even no such thing as gay rights. There are only basic human rights which can be enjoyed by people no matter their gender, age, or race. Marriage is a basic human right, and yet, people who are of the same sex are deprived of it (Gertsmann 3-4). Their community in the past seemed to be fighting for survival—for their endangered lives because of the discrimination happening. Now, the homosexual community is fighting for their basic human right—to be married to the person they love—even if it means that they belong to the same gender. When the then President Bill Clinton made a speech in 1996 that he supported the marriage and union of people who are of the same-sex, homosexual people were overjoyed, for it meant a huge leap for them. However, when only a short time later, the Doma Bill was passed wherein a marriage can only happen between a man and a woman, the gay community was outraged at Clinton’s treachery and lies. Years later, Bendersky of the Huffington Post writes in November 2008 of the Proposition 8 in California that calls a marriage to be made only between a man and a woman. In some countries and states, being a homosexual person is still a crime and is subject for persecution—death penalty in public. There are still some states in America which openly oppose same-sex marriages and outing of closeted homosexual people; they even forbid some basic rights—like entrance to schools. Clearly, there is still a discrimination going on even if it is not openly voiced out. Even if the entertainment industry has long been open to the portrayal of gay or lesbian people and has produced shows, series, and movies, even that of cartoons and commercials where the characters are blatantly gay or the plot revolves around them, there is still an underlying tension with regard to the subject of homosexuality. Famous shows like Will and Grace or The Ellen DeGeneres Show may be famous on national television show and is already accepted by the general public, but it does not necessarily mean that they have already achieved their goal. In Aaron Belkin’s article for example, he writes that President Barrack Obama is going to fire his Arabic linguist because the linguist declared on national television that he was a homosexual person. There is a reason for that however. In the same article of Belkin, he further writes that there is a law that states that the â€Å"military MUST fire any service member who acknowledges themselves as being gay. † Years later, the death of Milk and the appalling and well-publicized death of Matthew Sheppard seem to be a waste as the homosexual community has still not met their goal for their fight for equality (Lacayo et al. ). Conclusion In conclusion, from the â€Å"outing† of the homosexual people to the fight for their equality and to the expansion of their rights, they have come a long way. From the ancient Romans to the Harvey Milk and Matthew Shepard, homosexuality has long been present, will always be present, and the press has played a big part in both its development and dramatic sensationalization. Whether people like it or not, the events of the past will continue to haunt and affect the events of the present and of course, the future. One thing that everyone should remember is, the whole adventure that the gays and lesbians went through is one amazing roller coaster ride, and that despite the sickening downs they experienced, the exhilarating ups are definitely worth it—one is merely to look at the entertainment industry today and acknowledge where they are now. Works Cited Buckingham, David, Natasha Whiteman, Rebekah Willett, and Andrew Burn. â€Å"The Impact of the Media on Children and Young People With A Particular Focus on Computer Games and the Internet. † Byron Review, Centre for the Study of Children, Youth an Media, Institute of Education, University of London. 30 Apr. 2009. 7 May 2009. http://www. dcsf. gov. uk/byronreview/pdfs/Buckingham%20Impact%20of%20Media%20Literature%20Review%20for%20the%20Byron%20Review. pdf. Belkin, Aaron. â€Å"Obama To Fire His First Gay Arabic Linguist. † The Huffington Post. 7 May 2009. 8 May 2009. http://www. huffingtonpost. com/aaron-belkin/obama-to-fire-his-first-g_b_199070. html. Bendersky, Ari. â€Å"Where is Harvey Milk Today? † The Huffington Post. 1 Dec. 2008. 8 May 2009. http://www. huffingtonpost. com/ari-bendersky/where-is-harvey-milk-toda_b_146933. html. Cannon, John. â€Å"Mass Media. † The Oxford Companion to British History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Encyclopedia. com. 30 Apr. 2009 http://www. encyclopedia. com. Gerstmann, Evan. Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Gross, Larry P. Contested Closets: The Politics And Ethics Of Outing. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. . Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. Lacayo, Richard, Harriet Barovick, John Cloud, and Washington Duffy. â€Å"The New Gay Struggle†. TIME Magazine. 26 Oct. 1998. 8 May 2009. http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989406,00. html? loomia_si=t0:a16:g2:r2:c0. 177585:b22455434xid=Loomia. Time Inc. â€Å"How Gay is Gay? †. TIME Magazine. 23 Apr. 1979. 8 May 2009. http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920281-1,00. html.

Change Essay -- essays research papers

Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re... Change Essay -- essays research papers Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re... Change Essay -- essays research papers Experimental Strategies and Conceptual Change The article The Development of Scientific Reasoning in Knowledge-Rich Contexts written by Leona Schauble relates a series of experiments which give some insight as to how conceptual change and experimental strategies effect subjects of varying ages, ten fifth and sixth graders and ten noncollege adults. The conclusions drawn from the article are relevant in determining the cognitive strengths and weaknesses in the subjects as well as how these strengths and weaknesses vary as a result of differing ages. The objective of the study was to track changes in both the theories and reasoning strategies used by participants who conduct and interpret repeated cycles of experiments over several sessions to learn about the causal structure of two physical science systems. The exact experiments are not needed to understand the results of the experiments as long as the experimentation strategies and conceptual changes are understood. The experimentation strategies approach tends to emphasize concern for logical validity, (i.e. how the problem pieces together and why). The conceptual change approach tends to be more concerned with the plausibility and explanatory coherence as tests for deciding whether knowledge should be adopted. Schauble (1996) states that "because previous work focused either on the validity of strategies or the coherence of conceptions, it has tended to mask these close interrelations" (p.102). Therefore the re...

The Grieving of the White Mistress

I did not know what time it was. I was still in my bed and comfortably tucked in my sheets. Everything is still, no chirping of the birds and no squeaks from the squirrels.Only the whispers of the winds that hustled against the glass windows broke the overwhelming silence. The fire is burning at the fireplace and I could smell the wood burning. But no matter how thick my flannel pajamas are layered with my thermal, I could not help myself from shivering.My eyes were still closed but my brain was already conscious. Apparently, my down covers have fallen from my bed. As I tried to reach for it I saw through my bedroom window that it was already snowing. It was the first day of snow of the year, and it was magnificent.It was the day before Thanksgiving. The crimson leaves of the deciduous trees that line our street have completely fallen. From the warmth of my house, I watched the outside world welcome the coldest season of the year.As if barren, only the green colored pine trees contra sted the landscape of white covered grounds. Six inches thick of snow has cloaked the earth with its solemn beauty. Like minute specks of dust falling gently, ice fell as if God is chistling from the heavens above. The velvety white gleamed and reflected the light that penetrated through the dark clouds in the horizons.The skies seem so heavy, as if heaven and earth are reaching for each other's bosom. Pavements are drenched with melted snow and rooftops are laid with perfect veil of white against the smokes of chimney. Such a picturesque piece of land, such life in this dark and cold weather.After a rose from my bed I took my robe from the edge of my bed and wore my winter slippers. I hurried to the kitchen where I found my Mom mixing hot chocolate on the stove. She poured the black thick liquid on a mug decorated with Old St. Nicholas' portrait sleeping on a rocking chair.I added sprinkles of marshmallows and settled myself on the stool by the nook. I smelled the sweet savory flav or evaporating and smiled at my Mom with content. I love winter mornings, all the peace that envelops the earth lets me contemplate through the depths of my long sleeping soul.I went to the bathroom to take a shower. When I turned the knob and the waters started to gently lather my flesh, the hot waters steamed and misted the smoked windows.   It is a very relaxing feeling to find yourself so warm in this extremely frosted environment. After I finished, I put on my winter attire.I have prepared several pieces of clothing to prudently warm me through different layers. I wore my black colored thermal covering the entire lengths of my arms and legs and wrapping my body's torso. Its smooth texture was a comfort to my skin. Then I continued with my dark blue turtle neck fleece sweater and I slid into a pair of straight cut denim jeans.I took my knee length winter boots made of camel colored suede with flat soles, wore them on my feet and slipped on my black down jacket that extends to my waist.I took my beret and placed it on my head and I warmed my hands with a pair of gray colored and knitted gloves. I finished off with with a long scarf that matches my mittens, wrapped it on my neck and stepped out of our front door.The cold winds gently brushed through my face and softly blew my hair. A distinct chill rushed through my veins which immediately made my shoulders tremble a little.I smelled the air and found myself smiling as I understood that pumpkin pies are being baked at our neighbor's oven. Its sweet flavor entered my nose and I heartily enjoyed its scent. I saw my friend living next door, she is already outside playing with the snow. I saw her lying on the ground repeatedly swaying her arms and feet upwards and downwards.I realized that she is making a snow angel, as if a lass in the midst of a fairly land. I ran towards her and leaped next to her and made my own childhood memories come to life. The earth was soft and cold and I just stared at the skies wit h a sigh.Winter days are beautiful, they have their own charm and endearing beauty. Though most of the world seems to be barren and lifeless, it still holds a promise of rejuvenation. Nights may be longer than days, but the darkness retires our spirit and refreshes our sousls.

Manila Motor Company Essay

In May 1954, Manila Motor Company filed in the Municipal Court of Manila a complaint to recover from Manuel T. Flores the amount of P1,047.98 as chattel mortgage installments which fell due in September 1941. Defendant pleaded prescription:chanroblesvirtuallawlibrary 1941 to 1954. The complaint was dismissed. On appeal, the Court of First Instance saw differently, sustaining Plaintiff’s contention that the moratorium laws had interrupted the running of the prescriptive period, and that deducting the time during which said laws were in operation — three years and eight months 1 — the ten-year term had not yet elapsed when complainant sued for collection in May 1954. Wherefore said court ordered the return of the case to the municipal judge for trial on the merits. Defendant appealed. Issue: Whether or not the moratorium laws did not have the effect of suspending the period of limitations, because they were unconstitutional, as declared by this court in Rutter vs. Esteban, 49 Off. Held: In Montilla vs. Pacific Commercial SC held that the moratorium laws suspended the period of prescription. That was rendered after the Rutter-Esteban decision. It should be stated however, in fairness to Appellant, that the Montilla decision came down after he had submitted his brief. And in answer to his main contention, the following portion is quoted from a resolution of this Court. Rutter vs. Esteban (93 Phil., 68) may be construed to mean that at the time of the decision the Moratorium law could no longer be validly applied because of the prevailing circumstances. At any rate, although the general rule is that an unconstitutional statute  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬Ëœconfers no right, creates no office, affords no protection and justifies no acts performed under it.’ (11 Am. Jur., pp. 828, 829.) There are several instances wherein courts, out of equity, have relaxed its operation (cf. notes in Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations 8th ed., p. 383 and Notes 53 A. L. R., 273) or qu alified its effects ‘since the actual existence of a statute prior to such declaration is an operative fact, and may have consequences which cannot justly be ignored’ (Chicot County vs. Baster, 308 U. S., 371) and a realistic approach is eroding the general doctrine (Warring vs. Colpoys, 136 Am. Law Rep., 1025, 1030).† Judgment affirmed, without costs.

Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Essays

Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Essays Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Paper Compare And Contrast B Cells And T Cells Biology Essay Paper The epithelial surfaces of the organic structure service as an effectual barrier against most micro-organisms, and they are quickly repaired if wounded. Adaptive unsusceptibility is initiated when an innate immune response fails to extinguish a new infection, whereby an activated antigen showing cells ( APCs ) bearing pathogen s antigens are delivered to the run outing lymphoid tissues. An adaptative immune response differs from the innate unsusceptibility in its ability to aim constructions that are specific to peculiar strains and discrepancies of pathogen. T cells are produced in the bone marrow. They are transported still, as pro-thymocytes to the Thymus where they undergo the procedure of ripening and choice. The ordinance of T cell ripening in the Thymus is termed central tolerance . During gestation, most T cells generated bear the gamma/deta T cell receptor ( TcR ) on their surface. In the grownup, most T cells bear the alpha/beta TcR. The freshly formed TcR so, has to be tested for acknowledgment of self-MHC/peptide. The T cells are tested at a phase of development known as dual positive, intending that they bear both CD4 and CD8 receptors on their surface. Cells with TcRs that recognize self-MHC/peptide with really low affinity will decease. This procedure is known as decease by disregard. Cells with TcRs with medium affinity for MHC receive endurance signals and undergo a procedure known as positive choice. Finally, cells which receive a high affinity signal via their TcR dice by programmed cell death, a procedure known as neg ative choice. Cells that interact with MHC category I become CD8 positive T cell, and those that interact with MHC category II become CD4 positive T cells, before migrating out into the peripheral lymphoid system ( Wood P, 2006 ) . Mature B cells, like T cell, are besides develop signifier pluripotent root cells. However unlike T cells lymphocytes, B cell ripening occurs in the bone marrow. There are four different phases of B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, immature B, and mature B cells. During its development, B cells get B cell surface marker look such as B220, CD19, CD20, etc. every bit good as antigen receptors. The stromal cells run alonging the bone marrow provide indispensable growing signals to developing B cells, including cytokines such as IL7 and cell to cell contact, via VLA4/VCAM and Kit/SCF. During B cell development, cistron section rearrangements take topographic point, merely like in T cells where TcR rearrangements ( cardinal tolerance ) besides occur. However, for B cells, the Ig heavy concatenation cistron venue ( variable-V, joining-J and diversity-D sections ) , situated on chromosome 14, rearranges. In hematopoietic root cells, the Ig heavy concatenation cistrons are in germline constel lation ( Kurosaki T et al. , 2009 ) . As B cells develop to pro-B cells, a D-J recombination is the first cistron rearrangement to take topographic point. The intervening Deoxyribonucleic acid is usually deleted from the chromosome as a circle. Gene rearrangements are mediated by recombinase activitng cistrons, RAG proteins. As the development B cell returns from pro- to pre-B cell phase, a V-DJ cistron agreement takes topographic point to organize the VDJ cryptography block that encodes the variable sphere on the antibody heavy concatenation. Gene rearrangement takes topographic point on both transcripts of chromosome 14 in a development B cell, but one time a productive VDJ block has been assembled on one chromosome 14, rearrangement ceases on the other chromosome, guaranting merely one type of Ig is produced by any individual B cell. This procedure is known as allelomorphic exclusion. If a development B cell fails to do a productive VDJ block, it will neglect to bring forth antib ody heavy concatenation and dice in the bone marrow ( Murphy K et Al, 2008 ) . T and B cell activation: T cell activation takes topographic point in run outing lymph nodes ( besides spleen ) near to site of infection. T cell recognizes antigen on MHC ( Major Histocompatibility Complex ) molecules becomes activated and differentiates to effector cells. Effector T cells migrate to site of infection and transport out effector maps. The T lymphocytes arrive through venulas, and cross through the endothelial to the lymph nodes. Antigen showing cells such ( APC ) such as dendritic cells, and macrophages presented antigens to T cells. On acknowledgment of the antigen, a low affinity interaction is formed. These T cells so leave lymph node though the lymphatic system. Those T cells that recognize the antigen s wall with high affinity will be retained and the procedure of proliferation and distinction occurs. However, initial B cell activation takes topographic point in T cell zone of secondary lymphatic tissues ( i.e. in lyhmph nodes ) . Mostly IgM bring forthing plasma cells are produced at t his province. B cells, unlike T cells, are activated by the ineraction with antigen-specific T cell, by linked acknowledgment. Antigen-activated B cell migrates to B cell country of lymph nodes to organize organized originative Centres, where extra B cell distinction procedures take topographic point. It is of import to observe that T cells recognize the peptide, while B cells recognize the coat protein. For T and B lymph cell activation 2 signals are hypothesized to be required. First, the antigen stimulus signal and secondly, the co-stimulatory stimulation. The absence of the 2nd signal consequences in anergy or programmed cell death. CD28/B7 interaction is the co-stimulatory signals for T cells while CD40/CD40 ligand, on the activated T cells, interaction is for B cells. For both T and B lymph cells, in it resting G0 cell rhythm, the cell appear to hold a big karyon, with small cytol and demo small grounds of cell organs. However, when these cells enter G1/S/G2 cell rhythm, cell shows an addition in cell size, chromatin de-condensation is seen. Cell division occurs quickly, bring forthing effecter cells of either T or B lymph cells. Effector T cells include Th1, Th2 and T regulative, every bit good as T cytotoxic cell and memory T cells. On the other manus, effecter B cells include plasma cell and memory B cell. T and B cell effecter maps: B cell response to T-dependent protein antigen consequences in originative Centres formation in B cell countries of lymph nodes, and specialised procedures such as Ig class-switching, bodily mutant and affinity ripening, memory B cell and plasma cell coevals take topographic point at that place. Emerging form originative Centres are somatically mutated and class-switched B cells, which no longer merely bring forth IgM. Memory B cells are durable, resting and re-circulating cells, responsible for immunisation portion which helpto generate rapid and vigorous immune response on 2nd brush for that specific antigen. Plamablast cells migrate to other sites such as bone marrow, and go plasma cells, bring forthing big sums of secreted antibody. Some of which can populate for long periods. The effecter maps of B cells refer to what antibodies do after their contact with the antigen. The antibody effecter maps include neutralisation, complement arrested development ( IgM, IgG1/2/3 ) , oposoniz ation and antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, T cell effecter maps differ significantly from B cell effecter maps. Antigen showing cells present peptide via MHC which can either interact with CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Helper T cells are defined by the cytokines they produce. Naive CD4+ T cells ( Th0 ) , on interaction with APC, can distinguish to Th1 or Th2 cells, depending on the cytokine environment. Th1 cells co-ordinate inflammatory immune responses to intracellular pathogens while Th2 cells aid B cells to do antibodies required for immune responses to extracellular pathogens, this is known as humoral unsusceptibility. Th1 and Th2 cells both act to advance the coevals of more leucocytes. Besides Th0/Th1/Th2, other CD4+ T cell subsets exist ( Zhu J et al. , 2010 ) . Resting T cells can distinguish into activated assistant T cell, every bit good as activated cytotoxic T cell ( CD8+ T cell ) . Initially, CD8+ T cells interact with possible mark cells via low affinity/non-specific interactions between adhesion molecules on the T cell ( LFA-1 and CD2 ) and the mark cell ( ICAM1, ICAM2 ) . This interaction has no consequence on the cytoskeleton of the T cell and is a transeunt interaction unless acknowledgment of specific peptide: MHC composites occurs. If peptide: MHC I complex is present, the affinity of the adhesion molecule interaction additions and there is constellating of T cell receptor and associated molecules at the point of contact with the mark cell organizing the immunological synapse. This besides signals for cytoskeletal rearrangements organized by the microtubule forming complex which focuses the cytotoxic granules of the T cell at the point of contact with the mark. Notice here, that T cells, unlike B cells do non bring forth antibodies against antigens. Granules incorporating perforin and other enzymes including granzymes are released and bring on the activation of the cathepsin tracts in the mark cell taking to apoptosis. CD8+ T cells can besides kill mark cells via the Fas/FasL t ract which besides induces programmed cell death ( Peter EJ 2007 ) . In decision, adaptative immune responses occur when single lymphocytes capable of reacting to antigen proliferate and differentiate to go an antigen-specific effecter cells and memory cells. The procedure of lymph cell cell rhythm patterned advance, proliferation and distinction in response to antigen and stimulation is known as lymphocyte activation. B cell activation is initiated by the ligation of the B cell receptor ( BCR ) with antigen and finally consequences in the production of protective antibodies against potentially infective encroachers. While naif or memory T cells encounter foreign antigen along with proper co-stimulation they undergo rapid and extended clonal enlargement. In human, this type of proliferation is reasonably alone to cells of the adaptative immune system and requires a considerable outgo of energy and cellular resources.

Mental illness Essay Example

Mental illness Essay Example Mental illness Essay Mental illness Essay Health is not the absence of disease but it is a state in which an individual is physically, mentally and psychologically well. When looking at health, you have to consider both the structural, emotional and chemical health of the body. Emotional health involves peoples’ attitudes and thoughts which play a great role in the overall health of an individual. The body is considered to be structurally health when organs, muscles, bones and other body parts are physically health without any damage. Chemical health exists when there is a chemical balance in our body such that toxic chemicals are gotten rid off. I choose this definition because it incorporates every part of the body: psychological aspect, physical and chemical aspect. An individual may not be suffering from a disease but still be considered as unhealthy if there is chemical imbalance in the body or his/her body structures are not sound. Aspects such as body mass index, weight/height ratio are important in determining an individual’s physical health (Tilden, 2005). Mental health: Mental health differs from one individual to the other with others being mentally healthier than others. It is said that we all suffer from some form of mental illness that cannot be medically diagnosed. For one to be mentally health, he/she should be able to enjoy life, be flexible and self actualized. This is achieved through activities such as mindfulness meditation that allow an individual to get the best out of the present. Flexibility on opinions can also enhance the mental health of an individual. Individuals who are rigid in their opinions may end up developing mental problems as a result of stress from the rigid opinions they holds. Self actualization is important in getting the best out of someone. People who are mentally health are in the self actualization process because they try to get the best out of every situation. This is the right definition because of the different aspects of life that it involves. Flexibility, self actualization and enjoying life help in dealing with the different situations that face us in our day to day lives. They help us socialize and make new friends, enable us to deal with loss and misfortunes, raise our self esteem and improve our sexuality (World Health Organization, 2005). Opinions about mental health: My ideas about mental health and illness have mainly come from biological theories that exist. Research indicates that there is a genetic connection to development of a mental disorder. Presently, it is thought that genes have an influence on expression or non-expression of the human character like the facial expression and mental health. Research on identical twins has provided strong evidence that genetic components play a role in development of schizophrenia. On average, there is a 1 % probability of an average person in the US developing schizophrenia while in identical twins if one is diagnosed with this condition, there is a 50% probability of the other one developing the condition regardless of the conditions in which he/she has been brought up in. Dementia on the other hand has been renowned to run in families although one cannot predict with certainty that the same can affect the generation that follows. It is only Huntington’s cholera: a movement disorder that appears to have a single gene as a determinant. Other types of dementia such as Alzheimer’s do not express a familial pattern although its expression in an individual cannot be predictable. Scientists believe the same can apply to other mental disorders which run in families like obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety, panic and depression disorders. I believe that alcohol together with substance abuse have a connection to mental illness. Because alcohol is a central nervous system depressant, I believe it plays a major role in development of depression together with other mental health disorders. Apart from depression, nutritional deficiencies that result from alcohol use increase the risk of individual developing nutritional related mental disorders. For example, deficiency of thiamine can lead to brain damage in form of severe dementia even during the early stages of life. Individual suffering from withdrawal syndrome have been found to be at a greater risk of developing delirium tremens which can result to cardiovascular shock or even death. â€Å"Designer† drugs such as â€Å"Ecstasy† have a significant effect on behavior and can bring about permanent memory loss together with severe depression which respond poorly to treatment. Therefore, these drugs can be thought to be contributors to sudden mental illness onset. Other factors such as social cultural factors also contribute to other mental illnesses like Anorexia nervosa, body dysmorphic disorder and bulimia nervosa. Because of the society’s perception of slender women as beautiful, there has been a significant occurrence of eating disorders. This is because of lack of self-esteem together with feelings of being out of control. The fear of sexual maturation has also been said to be a contributing factor to psychological eating disorders. Such factors has changed the society such that it has shifted to valuing activities over the rest which has turned many individuals to slaves of work with little care for the inner self. Mild cases of stress related disorders have as a result an increased likelihood of developing to full blown panic, depressive disorders and anxiety. Therefore, according to my opinion, for one to acquire a healthy mental state, there has to be a balance between work/activities and rest/relaxation. Is it possible for an individual to have a mental illness and still be healthy? It is possible for an individual to be health despite being diagnosed with a mental illness. Mental health stretches beyond the absence of a mental condition. When an individual is diagnosed with a mental condition, it doesn’t necessarily mean that the individual is mentally unhealthy but instead it means that: they have to work more in maintaining their mental health as compared to others. There are individuals who do not have any mental condition but cannot be said to be mentally healthy. This is because they have difficulties in managing stress to the extent that it affects their physical well being by developing headaches, heart diseases and stomach upsets. Difficulties in anger management also can contribute to mental instability which in return affects the mental health. Therefore, it is possible for an individual with a mental condition to be healthy if he/she is able to manage him/herself effectively to be able to enjoy life and achieve goals without many difficulties. What is recovery? According to me, it is the process of changing for the better which can be enhanced by the following factors: treatment, criminal justice interventions, faith institutions, receiving support from family, friends and other individuals and also mutual groups/recovery centers. Stigma associated with a mental illness can affect an individual in different aspects. It can lead to isolation from the community and friends through exclusions and rejections. It can make the individual to be denied proper housing, health insurance, loans and even jobs. A person may as a result of stigma loss self esteem making it difficult for him to interact and make new friends affecting his/her social life. They may also be denied treatment because of the denial state of the individual or the family members. It can also lead to separation in couples. Hence it is important for proper care to be taken to ensure that adequate care and love is provided to people with mental conditions. Bibliography Tilden, H. J. (2005) What Is Health? Kessinger Publishing, LLC. World Health Organization (2005). Mental health: facing the challenges, building solutions: report from the WHO European Ministerial Conference. WHO Regional Office Europe.

The Unsolved Case of the Zodiac Killer

The Unsolved Case of the Zodiac Killer The Zodiac Killer was a serial killer who stalked parts of Northern California from December 1968 through October 1969. Through a series of cryptic letters he sent to the press and others, he disclosed his motivation for the killings, offered clues to future murder plots, and adopted the nickname Zodiac. He took responsibility for murdering as many as 37 people, but police investigators have only confirmed five deaths and seven total attacks.   December 20, 1968   Betty Lou Jensen, 16, and David Arthur Faraday, 17, were parked at a secluded spot located on Lake Herman Road on the eastern side Vallejo, California. Witnesses noticed the young couple huddled together in the front seat of Faradays Rambler station wagon between around 10:15 and 11:00 p.m. Nothing about the couple seemed unusual to bystanders. But by 11:15 the scene had taken a tragic turn. The couple was discovered lying on the ground outside their bullet-riddled car. Betty Lou was found several feet from the car, dead from five gunshot wounds in the back. David was found closeby. He had been shot at close range in the head  but was still breathing. He died  en route to the hospital. Clues Detectives had few clues, aside from the fact that there was an earlier confrontation in the same area. Bill Crow and his girlfriend were parked in the same place as Faraday and Jensen just 45 minutes earlier. Crow told police that someone driving a white Chevy drove past them, stopped, and backed up. For unknown reasons, Crow sped away in the opposite direction. The Chevy turned around and followed the couple, but was unable to keep up after Crow made a sharp right turn at an intersection. Two hunters also reported seeing a white Chevy parked at a gravel turn-around on Lake Herman Road. They approached the car but did not see the driver inside. July 4, 1969   Darlene Elizabeth Ferrin, 22, and Michael Renault Mageau, 19, were parked at the Blue Rock Springs Golf Course in Benicia around midnight. The golf course was four miles from where Jensen and Faraday were gunned down. A car pulled up behind the couples car, blocking them from driving away. A man, who Mageau believed was a police officer, got out of his car holding a bright flashlight that obscured his face. As the stranger approached the drivers side of the car he immediately began shooting at the couple, firing five nine-millimeter rounds into the car. Both Ferrin and Mageau were shot. The shooter turned to leave  but came back after hearing shouts coming from Michael. He fired four more times. One bullet hit Michael and two struck Darlene. The shooter then got into his car and drove away. Within minutes after the attack, three teens came across the couple and hurried to get help. When authorities arrived both Ferrin and Mageau were still alive, but Ferrin died before reaching the hospital. Clues Michael Mageau survived the attack and was able to give a description of the shooter to authorities. He described the attacker as a short, heavyset white man, about 5 8 and around 195 pounds. The Call At 12:40 a.m. an anonymous male caller contacted the Vallejo Police Department and reported the double murder. During the call, he also said he was responsible for the Jensen and Faraday murders. Police traced the call and found it was made from a phone booth located just blocks from the police department and less than a mile from Darlene Ferrins home. The caller told police: I wish to report a double murder. If you will go one mile east on Columbus Parkway to a public park, you will find the kids in a brown car. They have been shot by a nine-millimeter Luger. I also killed those kids last year. Good-bye The Zodiac Letters On Friday, August 1, 1969, the first known Zodiac letters were received by three newspapers. The San Francisco Examiner, San Francisco Chronicle,  and Vallejo Times-Herald each received an almost identical letter written by a person who took credit for the attacks on the four teens. He also gave details about the murders and included one-third of a mysterious cipher in each letter. The self-proclaimed killer demanded that the three letters be published on the front page of each newspaper by that Friday afternoon or he would go on a rampage and randomly kill a dozen people over the weekend. The letters were signed with a crossed-circle symbol. The letters were published and efforts to untangle the messages in the ciphers began by authorities and citizens. August 4, 1969 Police investigators stated publicly that they had doubts as to the authenticity of the letters in an attempt to get the killer to contact them again. The plan worked. On August 4th, another letter arrived at the San Francisco Examiner. The letter began with the words that have since haunted many involved in the case: Dear Editor This is the Zodiac speaking... It was the first time the killer used the name Zodiac. In the letter, the Zodiac included information which proved he was present during the murders and a message that his identity was hidden inside the ciphers. August 8, 1969 A high school teacher and his wife cracked the 408-symbol cipher. The last 18 letters could not be decoded. The message read: I LIKE KILLING PEOPLE BECAUSE IT IS SO MUCH FUN IT IS MORE FUN THAN KILLING WILD GAME IN THE FORREST BECAUSE MAN IS THE MOST DANGEROUE ANAMAL OF ALL TO KILL SOMETHING GIVES ME THE MOST THRILLING EXPERENCE IT IS EVEN BETTER THAN GETTING YOUR ROCKS OFF WITH A GIRL THE BEST PART OF IT IS THAE WHEN I DIE I WILL BE REBORN IN PARADICE AND THEI HAVE KILLED WILL BECOME MY SLAVES I WILL NOT GIVE YOU MY NAME BECAUSE YOU WILL TRY TO SLOI DOWN OR ATOP MY COLLECTIOG OF SLAVES FOR MY AFTERLIFE EBEORIETEMETHHPITI. The fact that the code did not contain the killers identity was a disappointment to the police, however, some believe the letters can be rearranged (and three more letters added) to spell Robert Emmet the Hippie. September 27, 1969   College students, Cecelia Ann Shepard, 22, and Bryan Calvin Hartnell, 20, were picnicking on a peninsula at Lake Berryessa near Napa, Ca. A man carrying a semi-automatic pistol and wearing a hooded costume approached the couple. He told them that he was an escaped convict from a Montana prison where he killed a guard and stole a car and that he wanted money and their car to drive to Mexico. The couple was cooperating fully with his demands, offering him money and the car keys and the three talked for  a while. He instructed Shepard to hog-tie Bartnell with precut pieces of a clothesline that he supplied. He then tied up Shepard and told the couple, Im going to have to stab you  people, and took out a long double-edged knife and stabbed Hartnell six times and Shepard ten times. He left the couple for dead and walked casually back to Hartnells car where he drew a crossed-circle symbol in black magic marker on the side of the car and the dates of the attacks in Vallejo. A  fisherman  discovered the couple and called the police. Both victims were still alive, but it took over an hour for medical help to arrive. Shepard died two days later after lapsing into a coma. Hartnell survived and gave police a detailed account of the events as well as a description of the attacker. The Call At 7:40 p.m. an anonymous caller contacted the Napa County Police Department. He spoke to officer David Slaight in what was described as a low, monotone voice. He told Slaight: I want to report a murder - no, a double murder. They are two miles north of park headquarters. They were in a white Volkswagen Karmann Ghia... and ended the call with, Im the one who did it. As in the Vallejo case, the call was traced to a phone booth just a few blocks from the police department. October 11, 1969   San Francisco cab driver Paul Stine, 29, picked up a passenger in Union Square and drove to the wealthy area of Cherry Street and Nob Hill. It was there that the passenger shot Stine in the temple, killing him, then removed his wallet, car keys and carefully tore off a large portion of his shirt. Three youngsters witnessed the event from a second-floor window across from the parked taxi. They contacted the police and described the  shooter  as a  white male, 25 to 30 years old, stocky build and a crew cut. An intensive manhunt was immediately launched, but somehow there was a mistake made as to the killers race and the police were searching for a black male. How this mistake was made was never reported and no one was ever apprehended for the  crime. It was later determined that police drove by a large white male fitting the original description just blocks from the shooting, but because of his  race, the police did not consider him a suspect. October 14, 1969 The Chronicle received another letter from the Zodiac. A piece of Stines  blood-soaked  shirt was enclosed and the author referred to the Stine murder, saying the police failed to catch him because they did not search the area properly. He then pointed to his next intended victims, school children. October 22, 1969 A caller identifying himself as the Zodiac contacted the Oakland Police Department and demanded on-air time on the Jim Dunbar television talk show with F. Lee Bailey or Melvin Belli, both famous defense lawyers. Belli appeared on the show and a call from someone saying they were the Zodiac came in while the show was being televised. He said his real name was Sam and asked that Belli meet him in Daly City. Belli agreed but the caller never showed. It was later determined that the call was a hoax and the imposter was a  mental patient  at the Napa State Hospital. November 1969 On November 8 and 9, the Chronicle received two Zodiac letters. The first one was a 340-character cipher. The second letter was seven pages long and included another piece of Stines shirt. In the letter, he claimed the police had stopped and talked with him three minutes after he shot Stine. He also drew a schematic of what he referred to as his death machine which was made to blow up large objects such as buses. December 20, 1969 Melvin Belli received a Christmas card at his home which included another piece of Stines shirt. In the card the Zodiac claimed he wanted help from Belli, ending with: Please help me I can not remain in control for much longer. Attempts from Belli to get the Zodiac to contact him again were made, but nothing ever happened. Some speculate that the card was written during a moment of clarity, while others believe it was another attention-getting hoax on the part of the Zodiac. March 22, 1970 On the evening of March 22, 1970, Kathleen Johns, who was eight-months pregnant, was on her way to meet her mother. She had her ten-month-old daughter in the back seat of the car. While on Highway 132 in San Joaquin County, west of Modesto, Johns pulled over after a driver pulled up alongside her and indicated that something was wrong with her car. The driver pulled over and told Johns that her wheel was wobbling. He said he would tighten the wheel bolts, but instead loosened them, then returned to his car and drove off. When Johns pulled away her tire fell off. The man in the car was not far ahead and backed up and offered Johns a ride to a gas station. She agreed  but became frightened when he failed to stop  at several  gas stations. The ride took over three hours of what Johns described as, silent aimless driving around. She was able to escape with her child when the driver stopped at an intersection. Johns fled across a field and hid until she saw the man drive away. She received help from a passerby and was taken to the local police department in Paterson. While at the station she saw a  wanted poster  with a composite sketch of the Zodiac and identified the person as the man who kidnapped her. Her car was later found gutted and burned. Throughout the years, Johns account of the nights events has changed from her original statement, leading some to question her story.   This was the last time anyone ever reported seeing the Zodiac. April 20, 1970 The Zodiac sent a letter to the Chronicle which included a 13-character cipher, a diagram of a bomb he planned to use to blow up a school bus, and a statement that he was not responsible for the February 18, 1970, bombing of a police station in San Francisco. He ended the letter with a score  [Zodiac Symbol]10, SFPD0. Authorities interpreted the number ten as a body count.   April 28, 1970 A card was sent to the Chronicle with the words,  I hope you enjoy yourselves when I have my BLAST  along with the cross-circle symbol. On the back of the card, the writer threatened to use his bus bomb if the Chronicle failed to publish the April 20 letter he sent detailing his plans to blow up a school bus. He also requested that people begin wearing Zodiac buttons. June 26, 1970 A letter received  at  the Chronicle contained another 32-letter cipher. The author said he was upset that he had not seen people wearing Zodiac buttons. He took credit for another shooting  but gave no specifics. Investigators suspected it was the shooting death of Sgt. Richard Radetich a week earlier. Also included was a Phillips 66 map of the Bay area. A clock-like face was drawn around Mount Diablo with a zero at the top, the number three on the right side, six on the bottom and a nine of the left side.  Next  to the zero, he wrote,  is to be set to Mag.N. The map and the cipher were supposed to give the location of a bomb he buried that was set to go off the following fall. This letter was signed  [Zodiac Symbol]12. SFPD0. July 24, 1970 In this letter, also sent to the Chronicle, the Zodiac took credit for abducting Kathleen Jones four months earlier and described burning the car, a fact that only one local paper, the Modesto Bee, had printed. July 26, 1970 In this next letter, the Zodiac included his own twisted version of the song  Ive Got a Little List  from Gilbert Sullivans musical, The Mikado. In it, he described how he planned to collect and torture his slaves. Also drawn on the letter was a giant crossed-circle, a score notation of  13, SFPD  and the words, PS. The Mount Diablo Code concerns Radians # inches along the radians. In 1981, Zodiac researcher Gareth Penn figured out that when placing a radian angle over the map, it pointed to two locations where Zodiac attacks took place. October 5, 1970 Three months had passed without any further communication from the Zodiac. Then, a card written with cut-out letters from magazines and newspapers was sent to the Chronicle. The card bore 13 holes and indicated that there had been another Zodiac victim and that he considered himself crackproof. Originally considered as a hoax, certain letter configurations and the phrase crackproof later reappeared in confirmed Zodiac letters, adding new authenticity to this one. October 27, 1970 Paul Avery, the key reporter in the Zodiac case for the Chronicle, received a Halloween card which included a threat on Averys life. The letter was posted in its entirety on the front page of the Chronicle and days later Avery received another letter urging him to investigate the similarities between the known Zodiac murders and the murder of college student Cheri Jo Bates years earlier. A Step Back In Time - October 30, 1966   On October 30, 1966, Cheri Jo Bates, 18, was studying at the Riverside City College library annex until the library closed at 9 p.m. Investigators suspect that her Volkswagen parked outside the library was tampered with prior to her leaving the library. The distributor coil and the condenser had been pulled out and the middle wire of the distributor was disconnected. Police believe that when she tried to start the car the person who disabled it approached her and offered his help. Somehow he lured her into a secluded dark driveway which sat between two empty houses, where police believe the two sat for about an hour and a half. The man later attacked Bates, beating her, slashing at her face and cutting her a total of 11 times, seven of which nearly decapitated her. Clues found at the scene included a size 10 heel-print, a Timex watch with a torn seven-inch wristband displaying the time 12:23, fingerprints and a palm print, skin tissue underneath the victims fingernails and hair and blood in her hands. On November 29, 1966, two identical letters were sent to the Riverside Police and the Riverside Press-Enterprise by someone claiming to be responsible for killing Bates. The letters included a poem titled  The  Cofession[sic] which offered details of the murder that only the police and the killer knew about. The letters also included a warning that she was not the first or the last of his victims. Many interpreted the tone of the letter as very similar to that of the Zodiac letters mailed after the Vallejo murders. In December 1966 a custodian at the Riverside City College discovered a poem carved into the underside of a folding desk. The poem, titled  Sick of living/unwilling to die  had a tone similar to that of the Zodiac as well as handwriting which looked like some found in the Zodiacs letters. Some believe the author, who signed the poem with the initials rh was describing the murder of Bates. Other theorize that the letter was written by a student who had unsuccessfully tried to kill themselves. However, Sherwood Morrill, one of Californias top Questioned Documents examiners, was of the opinion that the true author of the poem was the Zodiac. Six months after the murder of Bates three nearly identical letters were received by the Riverside Press, the Riverside police  and  Cheri Jo Bates father. The letters all contained more postage than was necessary and two of the letters were signed with a symbol which looked like the letter Z next to the number three. The Zodiac letters sent in the 1970s all contained excessive postage, symbol-type signatures and the threat that more murders would follow. The two letters received by the newspaper and the police read: BATES HADTO DIETHERE WILLBE MORE Bates murder was never solved. The Riverside Police Department maintains that a local man was the key suspect, not the Zodiac, although the letters sent may have been written by him. March 17, 1971 A letter was sent to the Los Angeles Times because, as the writer put it,  they dont bury me on the back pages. In the letter, the Zodiac gave the police credit for making the Bates connection, but added that the police were still only finding the  easy ones  and that there were plenty more  out there.  The letter included the score,  SFPD-0 [Zodiac Symbol]-17. This was the only letter ever sent to the Los Angeles Times and the only one postmarked outside of San Francisco. March 22, 1971 Chronicle reporter Paul Avery received a postcard thought to be from the Zodiac in which he took credit for the case of a missing nurse, Donna Lass, from the Sahara Hotel and Casino. Lass was never seen again after treating her last patient at 1:40 a.m. on September 6, 1970. The following day her uniform and shoes, marked with dirt, were discovered in a paper bag in her office. Two calls were made, one to her employer and one to her landlord, by an unidentified caller who said Lass had a family emergency and had left town. The postcard that Avery received included a collage made up of lettering cut from newspapers and magazines and contained a picture of an ad of the condominium complex known as Forest Pines. The words,  Sierra Club, Sought Victim 12, peek through the pines, pass Lake Tahoe areas, round in the snow,  hinted at the location of where Lass body could be found. A search in the area turned up only a pair of sunglasses. Some believe the postcard was a forgery, perhaps the attempt of the real killer to make the authorities believe Lass was a Zodiac victim. However certain similarities such as the misspelling of Paul Averys name (Averly) and the use of a hole-punch had both become traits found in letters known to be from the Zodiac. Although it did not appear that  kidnapping  was a pattern of the Zodiac, but rather spontaneous random murders, if in fact, he was responsible for Johns abduction then possibly Donna Lass could also be a victim of the Zodiac. The  mystery  surrounding the case of Donna Lass was never solved, nor was her body ever located. The Pines postcard was the last communication received from the Zodiac for three years. In 1974 he resurfaced although this time he dropped his opening line,  This is the Zodiac speaking  and the cross-circle symbol signature from the letters. January 29, 1974 The Zodiac sent the Chronicle a letter describing the movie  The Exorcist  as  the best saterical comidy that I have ever seen.  It also included a part of a verse from The Mikado, a hieroglyph-type drawing and a threat that the letter had to be published or he would  do something nasty.  His signature score changed to read  Me-37 SFPD-0. May 8, 1974 The Chronicle received a letter from a concerned citizen complaining about the movie  Badlands  and asking the paper to stop advertising it. Although the Zodiac did not identify himself as the author of the letter, some felt the similarities of the tone and handwriting was unmistakably that of the Zodiac. July 8, 1974 A complaint letter regarding the conservative Chronicle columnist, Marco Spinelli who used the pen name, Count Marco was received at the newspaper and ended the letter with: Since the Count can write anonymously, so can I signed the Red Phantom (red with rage). Some believe the Zodiac sent the letter, others do not. Doubting that the letters were really authored by the Zodiac, police detective David Toschi sent them to the FBI Laboratory who responded that the letters were probably prepared by the writer of the Zodiac letters. No other communication was received from the Zodiac for another four years. April 24, 1978 A letter was sent to the Chronicle and given to reporter Duffy Jennings, Paul Averys replacement after he went to work at the San Francisco Examiner. Duffy contacted Detective David Toschi, who had worked on the Zodiac case since the Stine murder and was the only remaining San Francisco Police Department (SFDP) investigator working the case. Toschi turned the letters over to John Shimoda of the U.S. Postal Service crime laboratory to verify if the letters were authored by the Zodiac instead of giving them to the chief examiner for the Questioned Documents Division of the SFPD. Why he made that decision is unknown, however, Shimoda did verify that the letter was authored by the Zodiac. Four experts three months later declared the letter a hoax. At that time Toschi was in the middle of a political battle and looking at possibly replacing the current chief of police. For all of those who adored Toschi, many just wanted him to go away. When it became known that the letters were a hoax, many pointed the finger at Toschi, believing he had forged the letter. The suspicions about Toschi  forging  the Zodiac letter was based on an earlier incident involving columnist Armistead Maupin, who was writing a series for the Chronicle called,  Tales of the City.  He received a lot of fan mail for the series and in an effort to verify that the letters were legitimate he became suspicious that Toschi had written some of them under fake names. Maupin made the decision to do nothing about it at the time, but when the forged Zodiac letter surfaced, Maupin thought it was possible Toschi was responsible and reported the fake fan letters and his suspicions to Toschis superiors. Toschi eventually admitted to writing the fan letters, but always denied the implications that he forged the Zodiac letter and insisted the rumors were politically motivated. The Toschi incident is just one example of the many bizarre twists the Zodiac investigation has taken over the years. More than 2,500 suspects have been investigated without anyone ever being charged. Detectives continue to receive telephone calls weekly with tips, theories​,  and speculation. The  case  remains open in some jurisdictions, but the San Francisco Police Department has designated it  unsolved  and inactive.

Lagaan Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lagaan - Movie Review Example Instead the villagers were told to deposit their lagaan as soon as possible. In a mocking mood, Captain Russell (played by Paul Blackthorne) threw a challenge to the farmers, that if they can defeat the British soldier's team in the game of cricket, they won't have to pay any lagaan. Bhuwan, the leading character played by the producer actor, Amir Khan, accepted the challenge. Initially, most of the villagers laughed at Bhuwan for accepting such a challenge, but gradually they saw in him a ray of hope and started preparing for a game - called 'cricket'. The film is interspersed with some musical dance sequences, the trademark of Indian movies in particular. Gauri, played by Gracy Singh is the female lead in the film. She is in love with Bhuwan, and keeps encouraging him during the preparation for the game of cricket. But, Elizabeth Russell, the better half of Captain Russell somehow develops a soft corner for the villagers and their issues and in the process finds herself attracted towards Bhuwan, which is of course not liked by Gauri. But, the storyline of the film is so strongly built around the main subject, that nowhere does it appear to leave the main course. Therefore such anecdotes only provide some refreshing changes while highlighting the humane side of the story. Captain Russell gets an earful from his bosses, for having allowed the villagers an esca

Emergency Management 670 week 7 Conference Essay

Emergency Management 670 week 7 Conference - Essay Example In the future, emergency managers will need to develop a region wide approach to emergency management, implement interoperable GIS technologies and protect key infrastructure in the communities. Effective emergency managers need some skills and traits in order to effectively manage the unforeseen disaster. Some of the skills include risk assessment skills, mitigation planning, and ability to work with the communities in preparedness through periodic drills. According to Drabek’s study of 1987, effective emergency managers should have salient traits such as anticipating disasters, exhibition of professionalism, being community mentors, reconciliatory traits, the knowledge of extend of authority and ordinance based powers and doing anything possible to protect and preserve the safety of the community. The National Academy of Sciences study of emergency management concluded that efficient emergency managers need critical future skills such as grasp of the public administration and budgeting skills. It also made it clear that understanding of HAZUS software and improvement warnings and communications was essential for emergency managers. The study concluded that emergency managers should improve the use of social media and acquire higher education on risk assessment and preparedness skills (Langberg, 2010). The study also suggested that emergency managers should be more regionally focused and share best practices in emergency management in order to enhance the response capabilities of the first responders. The National Academy of Sciences study also proposed the better use of GIS and other software technologies in identifying and responding to emergencies. On the other hand, International Association of Emergency managers (IAEM) recently announced that the emergency managers should be compressive, risk-driven, progressive, inclusive, collaborative, professional, coordinated and flexible in response to

Legalizing the use of midicinal marijuana Essay

Legalizing the use of midicinal marijuana - Essay Example rlands, cannabis is openly tolerated and can be both purchased and consumed in one of several Amsterdam ‘coffee houses.’ Inexplicably, the city has not been thrown into anarchy which, evidently, is what the opponents of cannabis legalisation are afraid of. The evidence demonstrates that legalizing cannabis for medicinal in addition to general purposes would prove a benefit to society, evidence which is well-known throughout the scientific, political and public arena but this collective knowledge has yet to be acted upon. This discussion will examine the issue of legalisation drawing from European and American experiences. A report in The Economist expressly states concerns regarding a rising drug using and dependent population if these drugs should be made more available. While acknowledging that the price of drugs is artificially high due to the difficulties of circumventing the law, authors of this report indicate that it is precisely because of the high cost and difficulty to obtain that prevents more individuals from experimenting with them, thus becoming addicted, either physically or psychologically. Although these arguments can also be made for other substances that are currently legal, voters have argued that it is not necessary to bring in more potentially harmful substances into legal circulation at this time. To support the argument in favor of legalisation, authors pull in the theories of John Stuart Mill, who espoused that adult citizens should have the right to make their own choices regarding whether or not to participate in harmful activity as long as it does no harm to others, a theo ry that has been largely ignored in the decisions regarding alcohol and tobacco, but not cannabis. (â€Å"Case for Legalisation,† 2001) Eleven states allow the use of marijuana for medicinal use, Rhode Island the most recent joining California, Alaska, Hawaii, Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Montana, Washington and, Vermont and Maine. However, laws enacted by

Parliamentary sovereignty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parliamentary sovereignty - Essay Example The term freedom or independence here must not be associated to escaping from human slavery in fact over time this term has broadened into its scope and expanded in its meaning and context. In the modern world humans combat for independence and freedom not from slavery but from suppression, inequity, poverty, injustice, discrimination and helplessness.1 Under the establishment of a democratic setup, the body that represents common man and brings his issues to discussion in at the executive level is known as parliament. The term parliament is adopted from a French word â€Å"parlement† that means â€Å"to speak† and this pretty much determines the function of the parliament in the political machinery of a state. The parliament’s main task is to speak for the rights of the people that it represents, at a level that can create an impact, a positive one. Parliament Parliament is the representation of common man at the executive level. The selection of representatives of masses is done through open and transparent elections where the masses participate and vote for their potential representatives. The selection is made on the basis of majority vote and the selected representatives form the parliament of the country. A colossus of powers and responsibility vest on the shoulders of the parliament. Parliament is responsible for raising public concerns and addressing to them as per the demands and expectations of the masses that cast the votes for the selection of parliamentary candidates.2 Parliament empowers the people as it gives them the right to be a participant in the decision making of the state, indirectly. Parliament provides means to the operations of a government. The personnel required to look after the affairs of the state and run various ministries, comes from the parliament and this is where a common man can be a part of the system as his selected candidate is now placed at the decision making slot.3 With great power comes great respo nsibility, the parliament is endowed with the task of legislation. In the greater interest of the public parliament has the additional charge of making, proposing and passing of laws that are to be practiced under the doctrine of state. Parliament also has the power to approve or reject any financial decisions regarding any ventures that come up to the parliament for the final decision. It is totally up to the parliament to decide upon the feasibility and relevance of the venture to its policies and objectives. The presence of parliament also adds accountability in the operation of state affairs. Parliament has the whole sole authority to question the executive and bring him to task for explanation of various actions that has been taken on his behalf. This forces the executive to be extra cautious in his actions and decision making for he stands accountable to general public and hence the parliament. Power of the Parliament The domain of powers that reside with the Parliament of a s tate is defined in the constitution of the country. The powers can be increased or decrease with respect to the significance and spontaneity of the events, and this modification is subject to the passing of bills in the parliament that gain majority of the vote in their favor from the parliament itself. For instance in UK the Bill of Rights 1869 stated that the power to change or amend a law lies with the parliament.

Monetary policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Monetary policy - Essay Example The RBA often determines the official cash rate after deciding on what monetary policy target it intends to attain (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012a). Such targets may include, increasing economic growth, lowering inflation. RBA uses open market operations to affect the changes of the official cash rate, which in turn trickles down to the financial system in the country. Although RBA changes the official cash rate through open market operations, the actual cash rates are often determined by supply and demand actions among banks. Each bank is free to determine the rate by which it lends to another bank. Changing the official cash rate however, impacts all other interest rates in the market which in turn impacts the supply and demand of money in the economic system (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012b; Lowe, 1995:1-2). The market rate of interest on the other hand is the rate that financial institutions charge its clients for borrowing money. This interest is often impacted by changes in the official cash rate, whereby increases in cash rate would imply that the banks are borrowing from other banks expensively and hence would also increase the interest rate that they charge their customers for borrowing money. A drop in the official cash rate would make it cheaper for the banks to borrow funds and hence competition among banks would reduce the market interest rate across the Australian Economy (Smales, 2011:52-55). The RBA decreases the cash rate through open market operations in order to ensure that the official cash rate that has been set is as close as possible to the actual cash rate exhibited in the market due to forces of demand and supply. Each financial institution in the country has an Exchange settlement account for which enable banks to settle payments between each and also with the RBA. Where RBA wants to reduce the cash rate, it would buy repurchase agreements (repos) or second-hand common wealth government securities (CGS) from the financial institutio ns in the economy. The RBA pays the banks using their exchange settlement accounts with the RBA which increases the amount that they have access to and can lend out (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012b; Kuttner and Mosser, 2002: 16). This increases the supply of money in the economy, and due to competition to lend out to borrowers, the cash rate as well as the market interest rates drop. This is as demonstrated in a simple Keynesian model below: As noted in the figure, when the RBA uses the open market mechanism to purchase government securities and repos, the money supply denoted by MS, moves from the original position MS to MS1 showing a rise in money supply. Since the supply money is inelastic relative to interest rates, the MS curve is perfectly inelastic. On the other hand, the demand for money changes with changes in interest rate. Hence as money supply increases in volume due to RBA purchasing repos and CGS, interest rates fall also drop. Answer two Effect of a decrease of inter est rate on: Consumption and Investment expenditures: a fall interest rates increases investment and consumption. As noted above, a fall in interest rates is as a result in an increase in money supply. This makes it possible for businesses and consumers increase their borrowing from banks at a lower rate of interest since it is cheaper to access loans. Hence, there would be an increase in consumption and investment expenditures financed by debt as businesses are able to access funds for capital goods such as equipments, and consumers are also able

Trave Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trave Trade - Essay Example According to the available statistical data impact over tourism industry across the U.S. stated since the year 2001 onwards though the rate of declining was not so conspicuous. Observation of Julio Aramberri and Richard Butler disclosed gravity of the situation, â€Å"For the transportation and tourism industries, which by September 2001 were already shaken by a deepening USA recession, the impact was immediate and serious. In February 2002, Hilton Hotels reported its net income †¦ had dropped 94% despite aggressive cost-cutting, with the lowest occupancy rates in San Francisco, Washington D.C., and Hawaii.† (Aramberri, Butler, 276) In this context, it is important to mention that fear of terrorist attack and devastation of the 9/11 massacre created such huge impact over the mass psyche across the globe, even among U.S. people that they stopped visiting to most of such places that were at the high risk of under terrorist attack threat. Apart from that, as there was also a sharp decline in the air transportation facilities across from the aviation companies of the United States. As the aviation management industries predicted that there will be sudden fall in the number of passengers, those stopped providing their service to passengers around the world. Consequently, tourists also felt de-motivated to travel. Pondering over all these issues, the â€Å"Milkin study predicted for the year 2002 a loss of 1.6 million urban jobs, of which 760,000 would occur in travel and tourism.† (Aramberri, Butler, 276) It is evident from such statistical references that U.S. pervasively suffered from the effects of recession over the travel and tourism industry and places like San Francisco, of which the tourism industry is one of the major sources of income both from the perspective of revenue and earning livelihood for the common citizens. As due to recession there has been a sharp decline in the rate

Monetary policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Monetary policy - Essay Example The RBA often determines the official cash rate after deciding on what monetary policy target it intends to attain (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012a). Such targets may include, increasing economic growth, lowering inflation. RBA uses open market operations to affect the changes of the official cash rate, which in turn trickles down to the financial system in the country. Although RBA changes the official cash rate through open market operations, the actual cash rates are often determined by supply and demand actions among banks. Each bank is free to determine the rate by which it lends to another bank. Changing the official cash rate however, impacts all other interest rates in the market which in turn impacts the supply and demand of money in the economic system (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012b; Lowe, 1995:1-2). The market rate of interest on the other hand is the rate that financial institutions charge its clients for borrowing money. This interest is often impacted by changes in the official cash rate, whereby increases in cash rate would imply that the banks are borrowing from other banks expensively and hence would also increase the interest rate that they charge their customers for borrowing money. A drop in the official cash rate would make it cheaper for the banks to borrow funds and hence competition among banks would reduce the market interest rate across the Australian Economy (Smales, 2011:52-55). The RBA decreases the cash rate through open market operations in order to ensure that the official cash rate that has been set is as close as possible to the actual cash rate exhibited in the market due to forces of demand and supply. Each financial institution in the country has an Exchange settlement account for which enable banks to settle payments between each and also with the RBA. Where RBA wants to reduce the cash rate, it would buy repurchase agreements (repos) or second-hand common wealth government securities (CGS) from the financial institutio ns in the economy. The RBA pays the banks using their exchange settlement accounts with the RBA which increases the amount that they have access to and can lend out (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012b; Kuttner and Mosser, 2002: 16). This increases the supply of money in the economy, and due to competition to lend out to borrowers, the cash rate as well as the market interest rates drop. This is as demonstrated in a simple Keynesian model below: As noted in the figure, when the RBA uses the open market mechanism to purchase government securities and repos, the money supply denoted by MS, moves from the original position MS to MS1 showing a rise in money supply. Since the supply money is inelastic relative to interest rates, the MS curve is perfectly inelastic. On the other hand, the demand for money changes with changes in interest rate. Hence as money supply increases in volume due to RBA purchasing repos and CGS, interest rates fall also drop. Answer two Effect of a decrease of inter est rate on: Consumption and Investment expenditures: a fall interest rates increases investment and consumption. As noted above, a fall in interest rates is as a result in an increase in money supply. This makes it possible for businesses and consumers increase their borrowing from banks at a lower rate of interest since it is cheaper to access loans. Hence, there would be an increase in consumption and investment expenditures financed by debt as businesses are able to access funds for capital goods such as equipments, and consumers are also able

U08a1 Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U08a1 Project - Essay Example However, there is a major concern regarding the performance of Tufts Medical Center in the matters relating to comprehensive record keeping for employee injuries while on duty. Also, there have been allegations from nursing bodies that this hospital lacks concern for health and safety of its employees. These are indeed serious charges since employees bulwark services and for most part form the backbone of this institution and perceived detriment to their health and safety. This could have a negative impact on the quality of the medical service which they provide to care-needy patients. In a recent case, it is believed that â€Å"Following complaints filed to OSHA by the Massachusetts Nurses Association, Tufts Medical Center has agreed to pay $5,000 to settle issues in record-keeping. OSHA cited the hospital for failing to properly record employee injuries that occurred on the job, including back strains, broken thumbs, needle-stick injuries, and cuts from sharp objects.† (Altman, 2010, para.1). Perhaps, it is necessary to take a good look at the present system of archiving and recording proceedings relating to injuries of employees while on duty at the Tufts Medical Center. It is necessary to isolate those interventions or health care activities that could jeopardize the health of caregivers like lifting crippled heavy patients on to wheel chairs , exposure to chemicals, fear of contracting serious infections and the emotional stress involved in dealing with patients having psychological and mental illnesses. In this context, it is also necessary to understand and appreciate that the entire skyline of modern medical services has undergone severe paradigm shifts. There has been increased need for state-of-the art specialized novel, expensive medical possibilities and a whole new array of medical interventions that need to be put to effective and productive use by health care professionals and care takers. With