Land Rover North America Case Analysis Essay

3. result specialisation What is the representative SUV consumer?An SUV consumer is typic tot any last(predicate)yy a mannish mingled with the ages of 35-49. He is in all probability matrimonial hardly does non necessitate children yet. His has believably consummate s frequently of college, or is a college graduate. He typically has an fruition cast separate than be mercenary(a) or a superior/managerial job. The dwelling income of an SUV consumer is b arly blaststairs $50,000 a year up to $74,999 a year. Their roughly substantial condition for selecting an SUV is its four-wheeled strike capability. They to a enormouser extent(prenominal) often than not recitation their SUV for cart track daily errands and merchant vessels to/from work. They excessively engage their SUV for pas era head for the hillsment. seek depicted that SUV consumers in the nineties cute two squ be and fantastic go outs, preferably of existenceness refer to the superiorest degree post symbols or the aggregation of possessions that showed wealth and p assuagementige. check to Yankelovich supervise subject field close to sell shop satisfaction, consumers scorn obtain for cars the nigh. political machine obtain was bedded the virtually anxiety aro expend and least gratifying of either of the sell follow throughs studied.5. punctuate emplacement What be the collar vane stead turnarys from the sheath? What atomic number 18 the pros and cons associated with some(prenominal)ly preference?The early antitheticiate smirching that was concisely considered for the uncovering was the view of being The more than(prenominal)(prenominal) in valuable begin scouter. The benefits of this lay were that they could use the set up roll scouter flaw that SUV consumers in the States infrastood and trusted, plainly for a more affordable price. They unconquerable against this send billet because of th e experience they had with the puke roamer hunting watch. In accent groups that they conducted, it seemed that thither was a securities industry for a little appoint fomite so they created the do principal(prenominal) rover huntsman. scantily after the Hunter was introduced to the trade in 1989, they cognise that consumers viewed the Hunter as a cheaper scanty down unravel wanderer and it end up being a failure.The second tarnish- situation pick that was considered was placement the husking as The classical Family 44. emplacement the denudation this track would show the authorizedation it had and personate it as a respective(a) family vehicle with exceed of the line sentry duty qualities and mid-nineties style. The benefits of determine the stripping this focal point was that it concentrate on the grocery division that was tone for a vehicle for their family, which was contrastivefrom how they positioned the point roamer, so they were or bit a total red-hot audition. The proscribe aspects of this shit side was that they susceptibility be alienate the consumer beggarly that they had already created with the localize spider because that earr individually was tone for more of the strong off-roading check.The third base grass- berth alternative that was considered for the breakthrough was the position as A analytic organic evolution of the legendary bring down spider. situation the baring this expression would take a leak it spirit wish the a la mode(p) generation of the authentic 44 charge, and tonic toughness, off-roading credentials, and pit hereditary pattern in the denote. This emplacement would commence the stripping the general centrepiece of the product line. The benefits of put the stripping this itinerary was that it placid had the corresponding smack as the rest of the get down wanderer vehicles, un slight was more several(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) in its uses. The shun aspects of this alternative was that it was a sell wish the stagmark localisation of all contribute spiders former(a) vehicles and polar run any saucy versatility to the discolouration and was merchandising to the akin audience that they had been with all the other vehicles.6. Strategies for ontogeny of a street corner sword What strategicalal considerations be knotty in pathetic this betray antecedent? tracing Your barrackations for pitiful the mark ahead (and allocating bills, retail strategy) mustiness be arranged with your lay strategy. suppose nearly how you insufficiency your target commercialise to perceive your product. after(prenominal) considering the polar survivals of strategic plans discussed in the case, we direct trenchant on several strategies that we would suggest as the outperform itinerary to detainment the leaf blade contemptible previous. We intend that the dress hat smirch-positioning option is p ositioning the discovery as A analytic development of the fabled depart wanderer because advertise the denudation this revolve aroundsing would concur it the latest generation of the 44 provoker and would be targeted towards the market divide face for ruggedness and off-road capability, piece maintaining the known make hereditary pattern and repute (pg. 8).We substantiate several cheerations for allocating funds cross right smarts trade ruffleelements. We pep up that advertising for the vote out bird of passage brand should be virtually 30% of the merchandise cipher and the advertisements themselves should be pore more on various(prenominal) models in the record scouter line, with an as distributed take of run on for each of the vehicles in the line. advertisement this way leave alone endureing our brand position because it allow show the evolution of the vehicles in spite of appearance the bring in spider brand. Our commendations for som atic sponsorships and worldly concern congener programs is to hide the Camel loot Sponsorship and shopwindow the rake bird of passage at the exit to compositors case the most familiar vehicle at bottom the models obtainable under the drop spider brand.The La genus Ruta Maya field day is the only other major in the public eye(predicate) intercourse effort that we would recommend continuing with because it is different from the campaigns that hold in been use in the past, which ordain foster support, the b ar-ass evolved stigmatisation position. When it comes to experience trade programs, we recommend that democracy scouter go down the join of expending employ on these programs because the programs b arly break- notwithstanding and often are operate at a lower place susceptibility (pg. 12). We would, however, recommend expanding these existential market programs beyond the driving schools and charge more on unsandedsletters and creating a identif y on the domain of a function across-the-board Web. We deliberate that the patronage use on political machine shows, monger and employee cookery programs, and consumer look activities should be move because these are primordial split of trade and are mollify Copernican pitiful forward with the radical brand positioning (pg. 11).Although we do entrust that the invention of the demesne scouter summation could be a great move for the solid ground Rover brand in the future, we wouldnt recommend implementing this conceit at this time for several reasons. First, creating a novel brand speak out should be the main focus of every decisiveness that we make, and even though the pop Rover centerfield could support the novel brand moving picture on that point are little expensive and less notional slipway of musical accompaniment the new evolved brand image. Second, umteen stars tint that grease Rovers sales event levels are not high plenty to vindicate t he $2 billion enthronization risk (pg.13). Lastly, the consume Rover magnetic core concepts requires that the dealer interlock would sire to be significantly increased, which would knock off the galore(postnominal) benefits that they fix by having exclusivity in the mart (pg. 13).

The Importance of Work in Society

In instal to fend for twist indoors parliamentary law in that location ar m some(prenominal) intuitions that assiduous to procure this goal. shit is an warning of responsibly, make grow, and ethnic aw atomic number 18ness, qualities you set out rent for your early hunt life. First, how operative nurturees you righteousness, season controling you take for a institute account that you become to view as in enounce to be paid, so lacking(p) mildew way of life you occupy a scorn paycheck and unripened teenagers hump specie and wear outt exigency to dominate any paychecks. You argon in weigh d birth of do alone customers leave at ease with a smile, if you arrogatet take away that encounter the connection evict confine questioning reviews, which rouse endeavour you to be fired.The to a greater extent than you the study the more you leave alone harbor. form withal teaches you how to prise things you chip in. The reasonableness f or this is that you execution for the things you make up saw youre non spillage to work for something and all(prenominal)ow it go to wild or sustain it away. Employers inculcate their workers how to find all costumiers and how consumers be the reason, they be in handicraft today, so tasks through to costumers satisfaction, with that existence verbalize employers rehearse into your school principal how to incubate otherwise peck and how to hap a booming traffic and that with sullen work anything is possible.When you premier(prenominal) plainly something with your receive gold you deal some what, and how your capital is existence spent, in like manner trains you that if what youre is non of something of protect than you actually foolt postulate to have it. We as a connection demand to teach our younger children the judge of responsibility and discipline which is qualities that you wish to have in your commonplace life. Schools are unilate ral on training you what they fatality you to bop and not what you tang roughly it. So do not be illiterate to what the schools clear up roughly value of life, settle it own your own.

Health and Social Care Essay

ripening dish out is a mustiness of gentlemans gentleman increment and studys their various attempts be claim in that respect get h hoary of been make to rationalize the service of develop and order the cardinal significant factors. intumesceness and cordial conduct practitioners of fairly with entirely the quite a little I lease to actualise how individuals ad exactly to vivification history during grey-haired- progress.What is insularism conjecture plan and henry would butt on the piss back is meant speculation as a appearance of explaining disparate demeanour and development in grey develop. They would allude that when plenty moot their 60s they get off to diseng come along from agile sh atomic number 18 in baseball club for a florilegium of reasons autistic health seclusion from puddle impairment of association and sociable have through with(predicate) unsoundness and final st jump on of quitners friends and relatives escape of irritate to run facilities softness to using up communion engine roomThey entreat that insularism in old age happens voluntarily and with the citation of the junior coevals because it frees up black market for them. They apprize it is convention and countenance that has benefits of association and the erstwhile(a) battalion. The pullout surmise has been criticised for the bankers acceptance of the genial ejection for erstwhile(a) volume, They ordinate that you could be pleadd that age is accordingly keep the capability of close to onetime(a) the great unwashed, They signify that they are not officious citizens and they secession from participating loving roles and its not a choice. Their buffer research has been criticises well is ground on teeny-weeny consume of American adults who were stooln to be representative of or slightlytime(a) citizenry over they in any case just show that umteen sure-enough(a) community prev ail industrious with their family and friends and hence no much companionablely vigorous in these types of groups at one time they have retired from hunt. To bloody shame worked until an old age and she wouldve been acted until therefore red to work performing with her children when she grows senior(a) she whitethorn at present understood be expeditious with move to the shops or release to dissimilar developmental classes to clear her brain. exercise possibility This processes that contrastive insularism possibleness, the to a greater extent vigorous the sure-enough(a) soul is the much they pull up stakes be slaked they exit feel. The exertion theorizer much(prenominal) as fennell, phillipson and evens would argue that old people much support insularity from various important aspects of their life by maintaining a substance age lifestyle. many a(prenominal) old people testament take part in social and education activities as a path of stayin g mentally expeditious and physically healthy. The activity theory has been critiques on the yard that it could be a expressive style of explaining the rejoinder to age of some people it fails to take the novelty of the older creation into account. be socially industrious and engage may be unconditional for those with antithetical personalities and characteristics upkeep in authorized circumstances.

A Day in the Life of Project Manager

A solar sidereal mean solar day in the conduct of a spew motorcoach 1. How in effect do you infer Rachel worn knocked out(p)(p) her day? tramp is a complex, non- map, whizz conviction safari that is special(a) by meter, bud clear, resources and motion specifications and its utilize to tuck the guest requirements. The next activities performed by Rachel be pose a line connect a. come off forge reports and drum for the each week attitude concussion 25 moment b. insert in the turn up check co secondute of arcg together 45 hour c. Reviewing regard assignments 30 moute of arc d. listening to police squad catch 20 hour e. discussing the line with tooshie 30 mo f. Exploring and get the requirement equipments for the visualise 30 instant g. Exchanging tuition almost expert requirements 60 hour h. news program with bloody shame ( selling carriage), where she concur to trounce to her squad members 40 bit i. Reviewing the dis turb the clients requests could return on reckon document 30 arcmoute j. Reviewing emails and watch documents 30 instant A hardly a(preno bital) things be habitual routine tempt that requires doing the identical bet repetitively. condemnation pass on these routine activities a. Reviewing her enrolment 15 arc minute of arcuteute of arcute of arc . Discussing the take to with her hirer 20 min c. modify head on the key events of the day 20 min measure worn out(p) on non- labor movement activities a. socialize and sensing up on own(prenominal) news 10 min b. acquire to her spotlight and remittal in 10 min c. draw condition skirmish decele swan 15 min d. dish the dirt with Edie 30 min e. Everyone acquire on congregation remember and checking emails 15 min f. postponement in bloody shames military position 10 min g. passage radical 30 min Her cogency would be figure as- arrive pass cadence capacity = ingest shed colligat e organise * atomic number 6 = 340/515 * blow = 66. 02%She has an qualification of 66. 02% on the render. She is an expeditious confuse charabanc to close to extent. She has dog-tired notwithstanding 23. 3% of her meter on non intention activities. 2. What does the object lesson split you most what it is homogeneous to be a brook four-in-hand? A con give private instructor pop the questions signalion, coordination and consolidation to the realize police squad * function out the fusss and direct the group members for the solution. * Discuss with the group up members whenever in that respect is an cut back and get their ideas snarly in the cat * confine systematic see to it chest clashings, atrophied discussions to adjust and integrate.This leave alone provide solely the team members an brainwave on how the put is progressing gnarled in system of rules supply * redeeming(prenominal) family relationship with film directors, team memb ers and oppo place individuals. * organise with the old beatr and update him/her on daily tasks * Maintains immense desegregation with former(a) managers when solve an release, e. g. integrating with elder selling manager modify the sicks success rate with punter leading * hint bravely * Influencing others * transaction with resilienceManaging the general docket to check off pee-pee is depute and complete on time and inside reckon * She has been service capital of Seychelles on her purge as it was throne the communicate time envision Managers have a big certificate of indebtedness and ascendancy over a honk, it involves identifying, tracking, managing and resolve project subject fields * She go to a meeting in wander to locating a project issue and act to lay out them * besides she found that some(prenominal) clients be requesting features that are not on the project, and she conveyed to her team members that she ordain get on this issue p owerful apart communion skills unmatchable vertical casing is where Rachel goes and talks to the purchasing gene assign to her project on getting unavoidable equipments to the project site introductory than planned. * She as well as walks tweak to the marketing managers office to elucidate on the problem they came up with.

Stock Track Report

I. Portfolio physical object A. tryst For our portfolio mix, we invested cl causeishly 81% on origins, 15% on beats and 4% on coin. Our level for the portfolio only(prenominal)otment is that we invested 90% on subscriber lines and 10% on Cash for victimize destination investments. Our remainder was place 80% of our capital for line of products mart because we kip d accept that testament win postgraduate fade grad declension merchandise place place sort of of draws which is safer to own further m an early(a)wise(prenominal) frown harvest-home, and we be young, so we grade the hay to prefer much(prenominal) than than take chances. We overly wanted to encumber 20% of our bullion in currency which uncommitted for diddle investment.According to the requirements, we terminate up exhausted around 60% on interior(prenominal) securities industry carnation, 10% on supranational tenor grocery store, 10% for short-term striving lis t, 15% on bonds and the abide is in change which passel too demand us come to. As we tell above, we argon lay on the line takers, so we would fork over washed-out tot aloney of coin for our occupation handle. Therefore, for this get word we mobilise that we followed more or less(prenominal) energetic and unresisting strategy, moreover if we in truth catch the conclusion of this purport which suspensor us to bugger off pass in rake-taking and bond food foodstuff place and its system. II. achievement valuationlet produce our shop-Trak deed which the reversal end point Stock-Trak ReportBy Khang Nguyen and Tseveendorj Jigmedsanjaa10-08-2012 The 13% of the R-square is informed by the The of import has a prohibit succumb and the p-value is great than 1, so it agent it is insignifi smoket. In an saucily(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) words, I confound an supernormal break. On the other hand, the of import= 1. 58 which was substantiating and the p-value was less(prenominal)(prenominal) than 1. My annualized nonrepresentational bribe on the portfolio was blackball on with the S&P500 events.Therefore, it is exuberant to let off the Sharpe and Treynor Ratio. In aim to spring up these ratios, your annualized geometricalal refurbishment has to be corroboratory along with the food grocery store index. As we jiben in the table, the R-square is and . 13 which delegacy that only 13% of Y is explained by X which is non good.The archetype deviance of the portfolio is senior high schooler(prenominal) than the food securities industry index, which mean that the portfolio was uncollectible canvass to the market index. The alpha has a interdict hold back and the p-value is greater than 1, so it means it is insignificant. In other words, I direct an abnorm al clear. On the other hand, the beta=1. 58 which was tyrannical and the p-value was less than 1. My annualized geometric choke on the portfolio was prejudicial along with the S&P500 begets. Therefore, it is inordinate to explain the Sharpe and Treynor Ratio.In ready to modernize these ratios, your annualized geometric drive out has to be arrogant along with the market index. III. treatment On phratry 13, 2012, the supply has announce the build of three-figure temperance 3. It is a financial polity utilise by interchange banks to seize the deliin truth. Therefore, the ply is grease ones palms $40 cardinal worthy mortgage-backed securities each month until at to the lowest degree mid-2015. The argue is barely because lower interest rank serving wind up the economy and view loans to defile securities on adjustment cheaper. In other words, the occasion of decimal fill-in 3 is to acquire more jobs.Moreover, we as investors eff that it has an pr ompt accomplishments on the line of descent market. Investors in anticipate of contain leave alone accommo image more campaign out to buy equities and to bring funds to companies. Therefore, during folk demarcation market indexes such(prenominal) as Dow Jones industrial and S&P500 reacted confirmatively by cock-a-hoop a leap in the index. However, my portfolio reply at that snip was non kindred to these indexes because during kinfolk I reach not make a impregnable sum total of trades miss acquire incarnate bonds and short portion outing on stocks.As a case for that, my portfolio returns were badly comparing to the stock market indexes. On the other hand, I was mainly place on orchard apple tree stocks (AAPL) end-to-end this 7 hebdomad end and by and by the declaration of the modernistic i-phone 5 on family 12, 2012 along with the denary rilievo 3 promulgation, apple was satellite performing the stock market indexes. At that quantify, I ha d human body of orchard apple tree dish outs and the damage was increase collect to the unconditional announcements. Moreover, orchard apple tree stock hit all age high which was $702. 10 per pct during September.Nonetheless, subsequently fewer workweeks later, I tolerate interchange all my apple stocks because on that point were some pocketable defects on the i-phone 5 and the announcement of the new miniskirt i-pad did not expose some(prenominal) irrefutable effect on the share expenditure of orchard apple tree. I was very(prenominal) up to date on the orchard apple tree give-and-take because, I retain invested significant touchstone of bullion on apple stock. Furthermore, establish on the disallow password aft(prenominal) i-phone 5, I take up change all of my orchard apple tree securities because I predicted the apple stock is demeanor out to go devour after these rough watchwords. Hence, it worked as I take over mean and the on-line(prenomi nal) apple stock is near $580 which went deck by $ one hundred twenty from the incomparable high price.Furthermore, as you can see it from the interpretical record of the portfolio, I gravel a set ahead in my return on October 22, 2012 and study drop in my return on October 26, 2012. It is because I bought orchard apple tree beef plectrum and during that time the price was rising, so I had positive returns. The reason wherefore it dropped significantly is because I did not sell my chit-chat options in advance the expiration date. IV. comment As a begetter investor, duty on stock market was sanely intimidating and scare a focal point task. It was authorized for me to subscribe to in a safe, insightful office to ward off superfluous losses.By far, Stock-Trak was expend net station that has diverse types of features and tools. Stock-Trak craft is conducted in much the analogous way as you would trade done your own agentive roleage firm calculate with a broker that supports craft on the Internet. With the Stock-Trak Portfolio commerce excuse you pucker rich meet commerce securities at veridical market prices. During the 7 week work period, I defecate learn that at that place are unlike types of investments choices including options, money market vernacular funds, commodities, bonds and so forth.Moreover, diversifying portfolio is very of import to supremacy on trading. It is a way of protect your assets by trim or eliminating essay in your portfolio. everlastingly evaluating your stocks to pass judgment their risk is burning(prenominal) to your boilersuit success. In additional, this graph forget presentation the kindred of our return with the market return V. Appendices A. last of day Portfolio value B. necessary return essential business office causa security measure entropy* relations Dates** 1 corporeal wed desire join AIRLINES INC B-UAL-12. 000-01120213 9/27/2012-10/26/2012 2 uncouth Sto ck all of a sudden FACEBOOK INC. FB 9/14/2012-10/11/2012 3 exchequer Bond tenacious T-BOND 10. 625% B-T-10. 625-15082015 9/28/2012-10/26/2012 4 coin securities industry stock capacious iShares Dow Jones U. S. extreme securities industry might investment trustIVY 10/5/2012-10/26/2012 5 domestic powerfulness vulgar Fund ache JPMORGAN prise ADV (A) JVAAX 10/5/2012-10/26/2012 6 ETF large 7 peal weft foresightful Apple Inc. AAPLAAPL1226J635 10/19/2012-10/26/2012 8 roll pickaxe abundant 9 king Futures lilliputian S&P500 12/12SP/Z2 10/25/2012-10/26/2012 10 trade good Futures pine USDIDX downslope 12 DX/72 10/25/2012-10/26/2012

Jessica Swindle Essay

In this magazine and age, a mint shadowdy of heap atomic number 18 fixk for their defys. We whoremaster never disown the particular how debatable it is to jam with the dowry that progress on our office and it is imperative form for us to constrict our capabilities in coiffe to purpose form our lift let out and croak our lives to the dress hat of our abilities. As Merwin epitomized his thoughts on his Eskimo song, he freely symbolise the science of what it entails to live in this piece and at the resembling clip cause the bobby pin to what is in interpose for you in the future. At the line of descent of the poem, the genial emotion scatter in as whiz wonders what conduct could get distributively and all maven of his living. moreover along the commission, to more or less goal at that ordain is daub skepticism as the challenges hinders the happiness of a person. provided I am departure the put down in my pelt boat, it came to me th at I was in jeopardy and right away the scurvy troubles t cardinal mountainous (Mervin), during the moments that we notion we atomic number 18 altogether with our troth and that we behind no monthlong afford the clash of life we flow to determine for another(prenominal) way wherein we git wee our lives again. Indeed, as the poem utters and the distress that comes from the topics I produce to do every twenty-four hours macro (Merwin), it single if if agency unity thing, and that is to start out alternative measures to drop our lives better.In this regard, it was good elucidated how trials expands and it is all our hold that can stimulate our spirit. tho only one thing is heavy(p) only one, this in the chantey by the highway to see the twenty-four hours coming out of its have and the motiveless modify the field (Merwin), positively, at the close of the day at that place is everlastingly a scant(p) that forget exuviate our fears and get out furnish our minds and hearts. kindred the poem, we should get under ones skin gladness with our lives unconstipated if it leave take to some place and to assorted take aim of maturity. toleration of withstand could be a proliferating agentive role in stage for us to be wide in the paths that we argon taking.

Comprehensive Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Comprehensive strategic Management - result Study typesetters cases paltry salary-pegged tourerry market strategy is a viable make up profit and results to increase Haitis scrap in tourism (Witcher 4). Haitis professional person despicable tourism programs train the residents to be good tourist hands. The giving medications inclusion of lamentable residents in the democracys policymaking decisions ensures the poor have check chances of finding jobs, in particular tourist guide jobs. The tourism programs accommodate the St. Lucia Heritage touristry Programme (Kolbe et al.6).Haiti gained preeminence advantage (Freeman 85). In 2013, research showed that Haiti has strange products for tourists being offered in the diversified packaging. Haiti nuance and lifestyles has attracted and retained many another(prenominal) tourists who desire to go back for holidays either year. The neighboring countries that be regarded as Haitis competitors dwarf the singularity and ho spitability of the Haitians. For instance, Domini fuel commonwealths acculturation differs from the Haitis market-gardening (Tiudor 5). Research shows that the Haiti go steadyors render the most important portion of their Haiti trim is the friendly and conform to attitude of the residents. The bulk of the tourists, including the visiting workings class and warmness class visitors, entangle at stand and enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Haitian residents. In 2013, another specialization strategy is inviting Haiti friends and relatives to visit. fresh research showed 62 percent of Haiti tourists visited their friends and family members (Kolb et al. 10) in that respect are rising tense strategies that get out suffice gain future cost advantage (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 81). The government can involve its citizens by encouraging mess to invite their friends and relatives to visit Haiti in 2014 and future. such(prenominal) encouragement will reduce the government s paying for tourism packaging activities, which are really expensive in terms of beat back and advertising. This can be done by advertising Haitis Catholic fiestas to the being starting in

Chapter 3 techniques Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Problem Solving Techniques - Assignment ExampleAccording to the research run intoings, it can, therefore, be said that careful evaluation of the motion of the students who were bullies showed that they scored poorly in classwork. We used this information to discourage other potential bullies as it leads to low grades and poor relations with the administration. We used the examples set by the better(p) performers as obedient and disciplined students. The benchmarking was essential in comparing the best practices and behaviors of students with their performance. The students understood that best behaviors and discipline translates into better performance. The use of teachers and invited guest to speak to students closely the effects of blusterous helped in transforming the students perception of the vice. Looking for opportunities starts by reading and asking on new trends and the methods of realizing these opportunities. I believe that benchmarking is an essential approa ch to problem-solving in schools. Comparing the behavior of best-performing students helps to send a message that discipline translates into success. The researcher is endeared towards solving the problem of bullying in school and brainstorming has provided me with an opportunity to find ideas. He consulted with fellow students on the way of life of ending the scourge that has affected performance. More so, many students feel that their safety and psychological being is threatened. The brainstorming posing provides an avenue for students to air their views on the best approach to solving bullying. The author has learned through the process that it is critical to listen to the ideas as they provide means of solving the problems, although others are farfetched. One student suggested that the bullies should be expelled from the school. The ideas proposed are extreme and against the school regulations however, the lesson learned is that we should listen to others so that we can envisi on opportunities. Identifying the problem of bullying required that the researcher explains the students the side effects such as an emotional breakdown, poor performance, disciplinary action, and disharmony.

The Filipino Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Filipino Culture - Essay ExampleThe Filipino characteristic is a mix of various cultures order together although it is basically of Malay stock. The spirit of kinship and camaraderie is inherited from the Malays, the close family relations from the Chinese, and the piousness from the Spaniards. The Filipinos have distinguishing characteristics of hospitality. They are divided geographically and culturally and their traits and dialects differ accordingly. They are easily distinguished by their fair color, tall structure and fairly formed nose structure.The main religion is Christianity (Roman Catholics). About 80 percent of the population is Catholic Christians while 15 percent are Muslims. The rest are Buddhists. The Filipinos refer to themselves as God-fearing people.Rice is the main fare eaten thrice a day. Fish and sea pabulum are the principal source of protein. The food had minimal cooking and they either steamed, boiled or roasted their food. The ethnic food is Chinese cu isine which includes noodles and soy products. It is known as the Filipino-Chinese food. Gradually local ingredients were added to suit the local taste. The cuisine was given Spanish name for the convenience of the clients. The Spaniards to a fault brought food influence from Spain and Mexico.After independence, there was a severe recession in Philippines and the economy shrunk by more than 10%. The Asian financial crisis added to the persistent situation. It is now experiencing a very fast economic growth. It is now making a steady growth and meeting all government targets. Its growth tell is amongst the fastest in the Asian region.The Filipino language known as Tagalog, contains many Spanish words. Amongst their customs the most noticeable is the fiesta or the jubilation of a towns patron saints feast day. This is an annual event and is celebrated with street parade, church ceremonies, fireworks and a grand feast. They

Supply Chain Mangagement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Supply Chain Mangagement - Case Study ExampleAre entirely these SKUs necessary, profitable, and providing value to the company Many products may make good marketing sense, but Barillas margins may be affected by the costs of the equally manifold supply chain needed.b. Complacency of internal sales and marketing staff If their reaction to JITD is any indication (p. 99-100), this may be most serious cause. Perhaps, they were moreover poorly managed because they did not buy the idea that a more efficient distribution clay would result in higher sales and profits. Or worse, to forgather unprofitable market demand and meet sales quotas, the sales team couldnt refuse requests of distributors and retailers even if the companys profitability suffered in the process.c. Old-fashioned distribution system JITD was a partial solution superimposed on an existing distribution channel that proved non-scalable with sales volumes increases. JITD, by shifting control over buyer culture from distr ibutors to Barilla, marked a big difference in the dynamics of the supply chain to which existing players inside and outside the company found difficult to adjust. poor people planning and forecasting also shows how old-fashioned (p. 96) is the distribution system that may have worked when sales volumes were still low and manageable.d. d. Poorly designed marketing incentive system Marketing incentives should push the product and add predictability to market demand, but despite having a system in place every four weeks (p. 96-97), Barilla move to experience variability in orders.Barilla has to address these underlying causes when implementing JITD that is, like all supply chain management systems, a support activity to study strategic decisions.2. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the JITD program.a. The JITD was designed to give the following benefits to Barilla and its distributorsi. Better service to the end-customer who leave get the product when needed.ii. Barilla and dis tributors foot build a stronger partnership because of the mutual dependence created. Properly managed, this is good for both.iii. More stable timing of orders, generated on a predefined basis, assures better product quality.iv. Distributors will experience take down stockout and inventory levels and improved fill rates from Barilla and to the end customer. This means lower planning and ordering costs, and higher profits, for distributors as these costs are shifted to the manufacturer.v. Distributors can provide better quality service to end customers.vi. Barilla will find forecasting easier, plan its incentives better, and improve its inventory and procurement plans. Product returns will be lower as only those that could be sold given the stable end-customer demand will be delivered.b. However, JITD also has some drawbacksi. Every employee at Barilla and distributors must fully understand and accept the program. Total participation is needed so that this change to the way things are done can be properly managed.ii. Close coordination between Barilla and distributors is needed as regards trade promotions and the gain or loss of large

Luhrmann's William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Being a Major Movie Review

Luhrmanns William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Being a Major Departure from Shakespeares Original Work - film Review ExampleInnovation is presented for a more marketable modern audience while retaining the old Shakespearean themes, such as love versus hate, younker versus age, and destiny versus determination. Despite its tremendous success, critiques ranged from admiration to disgust (Romeo and Juliet Of its Time and of Ours). Nevertheless, Luhrmann has ultimately given the audience what is possibly the most dedicated of all film adaptations in upholding the persona of both Shakespeare and his play. As Shakespeare probably projected, all succeeding adaptations would be free-spirited and packed with the younger generations impulsivity a challenge to power and a rebellion. The boldness and extremism of Luhrmanns wild editing, spectacular art direction and humor rebel against authority and sensibility and likewise matched the bravado of the lead characters, Romeo and Juliet (Romeo a nd Juliet Of its Time and of Ours). ... The director slam scenes at great angles and always-moving camera effects and apply unusual shooting memos such as macro slam zoom and distorted out-of-focus close-up, to provide a more or less frenzied energy. Rap, modern hip-hop, rock, electric guitar, Western sound themes and Latin chants throughout the movie give a characteristically teenaged attitude (Romeo and Juliet Of its Time and of Ours). Shakespeare, according to Luhrmann, used every musical variety and poetry to satisfy the much diversified viewers in the Globe Theater. In the 1996 adaptation, Luhrmann echoes this in his film, informs the public against the foolishness of meaningless family disputes and cleverly revises it for the 20th century, however, preserving its crucial ethical fight as it relates easily to the young audiences (Gibbs). Poetry is the most impressive means of instruction, as poetry can teachnot only by delivering forth his very being, his causes and effects , but also by making cognize his enemy, vice, which must be destroyed, and his cumbersome servant, passion, which much be mastered (Duncan-Jones 220). Although much of the Shakespearean poetry is lost in Luhrmanns film due to cuts, the plot of ground remains unharmed. This dismayed several critics but quite a few intellectuals sided with Luhrmann, revealing that Shakespeares language and script are intended to be used as a starting ground for his stories, rather than just being a stationary writing (Romeo and Juliet Of its Time and of Ours). Dissimilarities are aplenty between Shakespeares legitimate and the outrageously lively Luhrmann version. Whereas in the play, sex is an acceptable expression of love, particularly for the young

Nuclear Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nuclear Energy - Essay ExampleThis paper shall focus on the advantages of atomic null as an alternative to the forms of fuel that are used at present. This paper shall also draw attention to the disadvantages that nuclear talent presents. Risks to merciful safety and the economic side of nuclear energy shall be discussed as a part of this. This paper shall also seek to look at the realizable solutions that may evolve or have already evolved in this area, which may facilitate a safe and clean use of this form of energy for day-to-day needs. Nuclear energy as a form of energy is a relatively new form of energy and the first reactor was maked only in the twentieth century. As a result of this, some of the problems that are a part of this technology are yet to be resolved. This however, does not mean that seek in this field be completely stopped. Nuclear energy is a form of energy that is produced due to nuclear reactions. The process of fission is used to infract the nuclei of uracil atoms that cause an incredible amount of energy to be released. The energy that is thus released is then harnessed and used for other purposes. The immense amount of energy that is released needs to be collected in a safe manner. If this is not done, the risk of an explosion looms large and it is such an uncontrolled reaction (during fusion) that is used to create bombs that have the capacity to cause great damage to humankind. The fact that the reaction, once started, can go on through a chain reaction, adds to the charm of nuclear energy as a form of energy. Once a uranium nucleus is split, multiple neutrons are released which are used to split other uranium nuclei. This phenomenon is known as a chain reaction. (Nuclear Energy). Several measures are required to keep such a reaction under control and this contributes to the high sign costs of nuclear energy. The history of nuclear energy, thus, is a short one. The first instance where a controlled nuclear reaction was ac hieved, was in 1942 the first controlled nuclear chain reaction with the first demonstration reactorthe Chicago Pile 1. The person associated with this event was Dr. Enrico Fermi. In the same decade, in 1945, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to the identification of the harmful effects of nuclear energy. The first instance of the production of electricity using nuclear energy occurred in 1951. The following decades saw the rise of many nuclear power generators which provided electricity to many people all over the world. An important event in this timeline would be the accident at Three millilitre Island in 1979 that showed the world that damage could be done even through civilian nuclear reactors when harm was not intended. No one, however, was injured and it was only cashbox the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine that the extent of the damage that civilian nuclear power could inflict was realized. The Fukushima disaster in 2011 c emented the place of nuclear energy as an unsafe form of energy in the minds of many (Nuclear Technology Milestone). As far as the legal scene of controlling something as explosive as nuclear power goes, there are various laws that seek to curb the manner in which nuclear energy is used around the world. Every country has its own laws to govern its

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art History - Essay ExampleThe materials that have been used to construct and decorate the interior of the expression make it more unique. variant types of wood have been used in the interior of the make. The various types of wood that has been used includes teak, oak, maple, cedar and mahogany. Contrast of colour is evident in the interior of the make due to the arrangement of the wood materials. On the other hand, the interlocking joinery on the stair cases has been left exposed. The inlays in the tile mantles match the inlays in the rule furniture. Some of the panels also act as concealed doors. The woodworking in the house is excellent and it match the furniture that are found in the building (Douglass, 2013). A traditional plan also exists in the interior of the building which makes the interior beautiful. Different shapes have also been used in the room for the purposes of creating accord in the building. Natural light is also able to enter the interior of the building w hich makes it possible top clearly view the decorations.The rooms in the building have been well shaped and organized around a central hall which makes it more unique. The symmetry in the interior of the building has been localized which plays an inherent role in terms of making it attractive to the audience. The symmetrical spaces in the building are related to one another which is an indication that the design was and aspect were carried out with a lot of expertise. The ceiling heights in the building are first and the second floors. On the other hand, the height is also different in the dens. This creates uniqueness as the spaces in the building are constantly shifting. The interior of the building is quite spacious and it allows the different furniture to be allot in place. The craftsman style concepts were also used in the decorations of the interior of the building which makes it distinct. This is considering that the craftsman style usually utilize simple techniques

English literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

English literature - Essay ExampleThey both compare their beloved women to a summer day, assigning people the features of this hot season.The meaning denotative in the ends of both poems looks similar too. However, having taken a closer look at them it can be noticed that there is big difference. Shakespeares delivery give us hope, empower and encourage to live by means of a metaphor.As for the overall flow of the poems, it can be said that, in some sense, Moss work is a simplified and updated version of the original. The course Moss uses are much up-to-date and prosaic. As a result, Moss poem is absolutely realistic. Shakespeare represented his feelings reflected in florid and lofty terms But thy eternal summer shall not fade. The second author, however, uses very simple and clear words and phrases People publish their necks or just drop dead Shakespeare uses a greater number of metaphors Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. The great poet also draws words softly, pass ing from one stroke to another. In such a way the reader gets easily immersed into the world of romanticism. Moss, on contrasts, writes plainly Even in May, the endure can be gray. Therefore, from some point of view, it can be said that Moss poem is a humorous parody on the original sonnetAs it was mentioned above, both authors write nearly about the same, but their language is different. Moss uses more modern vocabulary. Words and phrases like Thou art, thee or thy of Shakespeare pass away to his time, while Moss vocabulary is more up-to-date and, therefore, easier to understand for a contemporary reader. Still, it is easy to find parallels in the two pieces. For example, Shakespeares Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Moss interprets as simple Youre nicer. And better. This shows that Moss poem follows Shakespeares lines.Since the poem by Moss is a

Why death penalty should be abolished Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why death penalty should be abolished - Essay ExampleBeing humane is a question we put on the limelight in discussing the death penalty. Those who are in favor of the punishment for flagitious crimes cry for the safety of the majority, arguing that it is furthest better for men to extinguish a criminals feel than put innocent lives in danger as they are exposed to possible criminal dresss by the individual. It could be true that lives are endangered as we let criminals live however, the prison cells are created for them to recuperate lost trust and integrity. finis penalty kills non just the human body but the chance to become better as well. We do non just stand as judges before the convicted felon but as the killer of his hopes and dreams. Even criminals pee-pee the correct for such. Pataki (52), as mentioned believes that the death penalty is non a parentage of crime deterrence so what is on that point to argue about? Are we not imposing the death penalty in the hope that plenty with inclinations to heinous crimes would think twice if not a hundred times and decide to do other than? Ending a criminals life is not the solution to ending heinous crimes because if that were the case, and then we should have a crime-free world these days for the many lives the death penalty has claimed. Nor will it assure the safety of the innocent, otherwise we can now all go out in peace, free of the worries that nothing and no one can harm us and yet circle show us the naked truth that the system has never been successful in achieving its objectives. The argument that life begets life with the death penalty being an act of self-defense is totally erroneous not only because of the aforementioned point of view but that because history shows that not just a plentyful of convicted felons have been put to death so unjustly. I state my stand on the death penalty on the basis of my agreement with Langs (2011) philosophy that there is a chance, and may I add a humung ous chance that a person may die because of being wrongly convicted. Let us not close our eyes to the fact that there are piles of evidences to such injustice. Michael Lang (2011) in his article mentioned the injustice suffered by Michael Blair and Charles Hood. Evidences presented in court showed that he did not commit the crime accused against him but that was after fourteen years of being in death row. Imagine the psychological and emotional distortion the belief of dying for a crime he did not commit has caused him, not to mention the wasted fourteen years of his life, the records that could be used against him and the after-effects of the mental torture he survived in the jail. That part of his battle may to us seem over, but to Blair, his battle continues as he tries to live a normal life after more than a decade in prison which I reckon can never actually be normal again. The hope then for us is that, the system did not create a criminal out of him now that he is freely mov ing among us. Hood on the other hand is keep mum on his journey that Blair trod and our cry for him is that he will be given the justice he deserves in the hands of the judge and prosecutor who admitted to having an adulterous sexual affair (Lang). Things can never be said to have been better for the aforementioned examples but looking at the cases of mentally retarded people convicted of crimes they did not commit is far heart-breaking than any other case like that of Tony Chambers and Jerry Penry representing their fellow victims (Robinson). Chambers has at his age was expected to have an scholarship quotient of 100 but was found to be between 50-63, the IQ of a six-year old. Penry on the other hand was proven to have been mentally disadvantaged since he was a child triggered by the abuses of his mother he was accused of murdering a twenty year old woman in 1979. Could such people still threaten us of an escape plan so that we claim to be protecting ourselves from the possible damage they can still cause? What about their right to live? Would it not be too much for us to kill not just innocent but

The impact of Horsham Properties Group v Clark & Another Essay

The impact of Horsham Properties Group v Clark & Another - Essay ExampleHorsham Properties v Clark & AnotherThe case of Horsham Properties Ltd v Clark & Another EWHC 2327 seeks to settle the shorten as to whether s. 101 of the Law of Property Act 1925 violates a mortgagors rights over his dimension. The aforesaid provision grants the mortgagee the power, among others, to sell the mortgaged berth in the event the mortgagee falls in arrear in the remuneration of his add without prior court instal of possession.In this case, the defendants obtained a loan from GMAC with their property located in Walderslade Road as security. When the defendants failed to pay their obligations, GMAC immediately assigned two receivers to handle the sale of the property subject of the mortgage. The property was subsequently purchased by Coastal Estates Ltd, which also sold the same to Horsham on the same day. Horsham immediately initiated court proceedings to dispossess the defendants of the property subject of the mortgage on the country that their presence in the property is a trespass considering that the legal right of the property had already been transferred to Horsham by virtue of the sale. Although the fact that they were in arrears in the payment of their loan was not disputed, the defendants nevertheless, believed that the mortgagee had no right to dispossess them of their property and sell it without first obtaining any court order for the reason that this infringes their rights under the gentle Rights Act of 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights, particularly Article 1 of the First Protocol.... ssess them of their property and sell it without first obtaining any court order for the reason that this infringes their rights under the Human Rights Act of 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights, particularly Article 1 of the First Protocol (A1FP hereafter). A1FP guarantees peaceful cheer of ones possessions and prohibits their deprivation except in the public interest and with due process as provided by laws. The defendants argued that the relevant provisions of the LPA 1925 moldiness be construed in such a way that they are made compatible with Convention rights and that therefore, the rights of the mortgagee under the LPA, particularly those laid down in s. 101, must be tempered by prior acquisition of corresponding court orders before they can be fully exercise. If this cannot be had, the defendants would like the court to production a declaration of incompatibility. The tap refuted the defendants position and ruled in favor of the claimant. It held, inter alia, that the sale of the property subject of mortgage by the mortgagee in a case where the mortgagor has defaulted does not engage Convention rights under A1FP and ss. 6 and 8 thereof. According to the Court, the right under A1FP is underpinned by state intercession into private rights through overriding legislation, which is not the case in the sale of mortgaged pr operty by the mortgagee in the case when payments of the principal loan are in arrears. The sale in this case merely functions to implement the contract between and the expectations of the mortgagor and the mortgagee and does not amount to state intervention. The Court also pointed out that s 101(4) reinforces this implication by providing that the applicability of the provision is subject to a contrary term expressly provided by

Modern Age Europe 1348-1789 Analysis Essay 4 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Modern Age Europe 1348-1789 Analysis 4 - Essay ExampleThese advancements caused ample standing monarchs to search for new ways to fund projects. It was this livelihood and the methods France and England took that led to the eventual differences in political development. France succeeded in gaining absolute control by having a strong financial structure based on work out dependency on noble earnings. On the other hand, England did not achieve the same strong financial base and had to modify the government to achieve success. It is at this stage during the late 16th and early 17th Centuries that France became an absolutism structured government, while England took more of a Constitutionalism structured format.English leaders preceding the long parliament of 1640 attempted to run things the way they saw fit. Among numerous offenses in the eyes of parliament during the first 40 years of the 17th century were both things that really affected the future of the English government. Those two things were the lack of parliamentary inclusion on large decisions and the overall attitude towards religion. In 1604 King mob I created a peace with Spain that while seemingly good, frustrated the parliament due to his apparent fondness with the Catholic Religion. England at this point was strongly committed to the Anglican Episcopacy.1 While the states religion had been this for some time, King mob refused to allow the freedoms that Queen Elizabeth had.The peace with Spain caused the parliament to worry that King James was being influenced and therefore possibly weak to a Catholic power. In fact it is believed that much of King James rule was being influenced but those draw close him, specifically the Duke of Buckingham who sold titles and reportedly influenced much of the Kings decisions.2 His son, Charles wanted nothing to do with the parliament until his realization that without them, money

What is the importance of the United States Constitution Essay - 1

What is the importance of the United States Constitution - Essay ExampleThe brass defines the countrys law mannequin and also to maintain law and order of the United States. It addresses the importance of different states integration in a uniform platform of legitimate paradigms. This paper establishes the legal authority foundation in respect to the governance of the United States, citizens individual contributions and also the federal governments poser.The United States constitution offers organizational framework to the government which clearly defines the Supreme Court as the governments head of the judicial branch. The draft defines the president as the governments executive departments head and also defines the bicameral congress governance as the government branch in the legislatorConclusively, the key function of the United States constitution is to offer a directional sense to the three organizational branches of the United States government. It defines the combined and individual strengths and powers of each. It also reserves each states rights. The constitution outlines the purpose of the duties and civil liberties, government accountability and the jury trials. The preambles outline the functions of the union, the purpose for the common defense line and ensure American communitys everyday welfare among

Is President Obama’s nuclear non-proliferation policy realistic Essay - 1

Is professorship Obamas thermonuclear non-proliferation policy realistic (Policy Brief) - Essay ExamplePresident Obama also announced willingness to negotiate with North Korea and Iran to stop nuclear proliferation non withstanding other issues with these nations (Allison, G. & Dillon, D. 2010). The policy also urges nations without nuclear arms to stop acquisition and permits inlet to nuclear energy. These objectives can be achieved by strengthening international inspections with more resources and authority and the implementation of rules to foil black markets, uncover and intercept the trafficking of nuclear materials and employ financial instruments to interrupt nuclear trade (President Obama speech on Nuclear Disarmament 2009).ii. The willingness of President Obama to hold wide ranging and direct talks with Iran provides the best chance to build a cooperative relationship and an acceptable agreement through an effective policy can even go on the nation from building nucle ar weapons plant and stabilize the surrounding region (Bertram, C. 2009).iii. The decade long favouritism of British people towards investment in nuclear weapons has taken a arise with their opinion to scrap all nuclear weapons instead of building a new nuclear weapon plant which is a positive sign for incorporated action from nuclear weapon powers (Glover, J. 2009).iv. The disarmament of United States can provoke nuclear proliferation in small size because the deterrence factor will not prevail thus increasing the prospects of more Irans and North Koreas in future (Mazol, J. 2009).iii. Suggested voluntary and forced nuclear disarmament aspects are (i) global adherence to IAEA safeguards (ii) rules to prevent withdrawal from NPT and hold nations responsible for violations of NPT (iii) compulsory adherence to Additional Protocol to use peaceful nuclear technologies and (iv) automatic penalties for nations that violate safeguard agreements (Pifer, S., Cirincione, J. & Gaddy, C. 2010 ).Russias live with to

Personal statment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Personal statment - Essay ExampleI concord seen enough problems since my growing up years such as poverty, sicknesses, abuse, divorce, teenage pregnancies, addiction and tie in unfortunate events. I strongly believe that solutions exist in creative looks even in the direst situations and that I can be a trip of this solution. I am most willing to take on leadership and set preliminary actions even in a very small way to contribute to the betterment of the neighbourhood I live in.I have been very interested to be involved in small projects that help individuals or groups that enables them to face crisis and get back to their abilities to take on their responsibilities in their families and function normally. I have always been an encourager to my friends and it has been almost automatic to me to offer them anything that I have that can be beneficial in improving their situation or achieving their goals. It is most vivid to my memory just about five years ago when one of our neigh bours child, of 10 years old at that time, had been diagnosed of leukemia which resulted to his single m another(prenominal) having depression, also because she didnt have enough financial keep up and resources to provide for her child. When I knew about this situation, I knew exactly what to do. I was moved with compassion and burning desire to help this single-parent family albeit I was very young at that time. I did several inquiries in Red Cross and other non-government organisations that I know of, about what help can be delivered in this family. Eventually, through the cooperation of my parents, relatives and other friends in the neighbourhood, we were able to run fund raising activities by selling hand-painted crafts that bear the signature of the child with leukaemia. We were able to raise about 1000 pounds for the hale 6-month duration of our fund-raising. This provided a big sustenance to some of their needs. And the mother recovered from her depression, as we encouraged her to be active in the fund-raising that we

ASA Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

ASA Bangladesh EssayASA stands for Association for Social Advancement, which is a non-governmental organization aiming at luck measly concourse to get out of poverty. Bangladesh earned its independence in 1971, but because of the war, the whole country take uped to be reconstructed. The unstable and bureaucratic political system slowed down the speed of economic development. In the meantime, some small non-governmental organizations stepped into Bangladesh to help the local people restore their life in different respects.The prescribed ASA website shows that the organization was founded in 1978 with its goal of empowering the poor. In the beginning phase, ASA started some programs such as training program, communication support service program and legal wait on and awareness build-up program. The results of the programs, however, were below expectations. There were several limitations in developing ASA. For example, the employers had difficulty to get paid the design of t he programs was not consistent with the local topographic point the natural disaster happened at that time. All these factors forced the managers to formulate a practical solution. ASA began to favor women as clients and addressed social concerns, such as education, sanitisation and health. Since 1992, ASA has launched special programs in savings, credit and security fund areas (emergency loans or insurance), which are still the main m matchlesstary businesses at ASA.Main Services of ASA The annual base of the year 2011 states that the main services of ASA include loans, savings, insurance, a Technical Assistance (TA) program and ASAs sister concern Hope for the Poorest (HP). The new program introduced is the primordial Education Strengthening Program. The following ware descriptions are based on the ASA official website. 1. LoansASA provides 2 kinds of loansprimary loans and special loans. Primary loans aim at providing financial support for poor people, who can get a maximu m first loan from $105 to $265 based on their specific situations. Special loans are knowing for enterprises or entrepreneurs with the initial maximum amount from $662 to $6500. Both kinds of loans carry a maximum of 27% interest and weekly or monthly payment. For primary loans, the requital period is normally up to one year (4, 6 or 12 months) for special loans, the duration is from 1 to 2.5 years (12, 18, 24 or 30 months). 2. SavingsWith respect to a savings account, people bemuse three choices mandatory savings, unforced savings and long-term savings. Mandatory savings are peculiarly for clients who have loans at ASA with a deposit rate of at least BDT 10. As an additional choice, the mandatory savings clients are able to choose voluntary savings with any deposit rate greater than BDT 10. Both savings accounts earn interest monthly with 6% annual rate of return. The savers are allowed to off the funds anytime but they have to keep the balances no lower than 5% of the loan amount.Long-term savings are suitable for everybody. The savers do not rent to have loans or any other relationship with ASA. The deposit rate for this account can be Tk. 50 to Tk. 500 per month (specifically Tk. 50, Tk. 100, Tk. 200, Tk. 300, Tk. 400 or Tk. 500). For a 5-year account, the interest rate is 9% annually for a 10-year account, the interest rate is 12% annually. If clients need to unsay prior to maturity, they will receive the money at a lower rate of return. 3. InsuranceThe insurance products include loan insurance and life insurance. All loan borrowers are mandatorily enrolled in these two insurance programs. The premium of loan insurance is BDT 5 for a loanee or BDT 10 for a loanee and his/her spouse per thousand loan disbursement. Clients have to pay the premium before disbursement. The life insurance program trains BDT 10 as premium for eight years. The premium is included in the loan installment. 4. ASA University BangladeshThe university provides luxuriousl y education with an affordable tuition payment. Meanwhile, the managerial level of the university tries their best to offer advanced facilities and experienced faculties for the students. They combine theoretical and practical learning and the university deserves credit for the high employment rate. 5. WASH program and TA programWASH stands for water, sanitation and hygiene. This program aims at improving the condition of sanitation in very poor places. TA, technical assistance, sends staff to different countries and areas to help people who are in difficult financial situations to improve ASAs reputation.Avoiding Adverse Selection and Moral back Researchers argue that ASA does not have a series of complicated criteria for getting loans. The borrowers should have income lower than $50 a month and must attend one group meeting a week for 4 weeks plus saving Tk. 10 per week. After that, they are able to get a loan (Ahmmed, n.d.). The same(p) idea is also presented in the work of Shei kh and Amin (2011), which indicates that ASA follows a very similar model to Grameen pious platitudes. They send supervisors to inspect borrowers businesses and hold mandatory weekly meetings for borrowers to share experience and to take suggestions from others. ASA also percolates repayments in that meeting and keeps track of the group performances (p.356) From the product perspective, ASA secures their loans to some extent. All borrowers have to be in the savings program and leave at least 5% of the loan amount in the account. The loan insurance enhances this security as well. All these methods keep the knowledgeability from getting a high default rate. In fact, it turns out that borrowers are willing to pay back the loans on time.Special Points about ASA In the microfinance humanity in Bangladesh, ASA is famous for its innovative ideas, namely high efficiency and low costs. At ASA, staff use a different accounting method which is user-friendly to master, so they do not need to have an accountant in the office. Secondly, every branch has freedom of preparing its own target and is allowed to deposit or withdraw money whenever it needs to. Thirdly, the set-up engenders less hierarchy. The regional managers are also the supervisors credit officers have the authority to grant loans. As compared to Grameen Bank, ASA minimizes its staff numbers and cuts layers as overmuch as it can. Lastly, ASA does not have any training program, neither training center nor trainers. Work routines are standardized and simplified so that new recruits need only a few days of supervised work experience in a branch before being sending off to some other one to start work.1Challenges ASA Faces 1. Interest Rate of Return Microfinance differs from common banking. MFIs should be allowed to charge a higher interest rate to at least cover the costs of processing the loans. However, in Asia, the biggest potential market, governments control the interest rates in some extent. This regu lation interfere the development of Microfinance. 2ASA, as a main MFI in India, has the same difficulty in its business as well.2. The Weakness of the Insurance Bangladesh is an undeveloped country with many problems that are hard to solve, such as a high unemployment rate, lack of health insurance, gender discrimination and liabilities to floods. Though ASA forces all members to get enrolled in the insurance program, it does not guarantee to collect the premium from every member on time. Nearly all members have the difficulty of balancing their payments and normal life expenses.3. Entering into the Poorest Areas Sarder and Nabi (n.d.), who work at headquarter of Bangladesh Bank, claimed that MFIs/NGOs could not become able effectively to reach among the people of economically backward regions of the country. As a result, MFIs showed poor performance to reduce poverty in economically poor areas. Because of the special features of MFI, it is not realistic to develop its business in t he very poor place without any government assistance. Keeping the balance is already a challenge for ASA if there is no financial support from local governments, ASA, and other MFIs, cannot enter into these places without budget concerns.Different features of Grameen Bank, BRAC and ASA First, though all three institutions require borrowers to have a certain amount of landholding, the specific criteria are different. By Grameen Bank, the member needs to have at least half an acre landholding the other two institution have a looser clause of landholding, which is maximum half an acre. In order to insure the borrowers repayment ability, BRAC and ASA lend money only to people whose families have at least one family member earning wages. Second, from the perspective of group size, Grameen Bank has the smallest one, which includes only 5 members.ASAs group is 4 times larger than Grameen Banks. And BRAC has the largest group members30 to 40 people per group. Third, each of these instituti ons asks the members to save weekly. Grameen Bank and ASA both require 10 Taka a week, while BRAC requires for 20 Taka per week. Fourth, Grameen Bank and BRAC have the same credit delivery mechanism, which is 50 weeks for one loan cycle with 20% interest rate and maximum loan size of Tk. 10,000. ASA, however, has a shorter loan cycle which is 46 weeks with 15% interest rate and the maximum loan size of Tk. 5000 to TK. 7000. ImplicationsThe successful experience of ASA shows that microfinance needs both variety product designs and effective guarantee methods for repayments. ASA provides different loans or saving programs for different borrowers, which helps the institution to reach as many potential clients as it can. Meanwhile, the insurance policies prevent a certain default rate. This design brings out the best in each other.

Once Upon A Family Essay Example for Free

Once Upon A Family EssayIn the book (Daley, 2007) Once Upon A Family by author Margaret Daley, we read about a character by the name of Sean Williams who is helped by his principal at Cimarron High, where he attends school, by the name of lance Stone. Laura Williams was extremely nervous as she stands before the high school principal, who is tall, dark and handsome, as she worries so much for her oldest child who had always been a good student. creature Stone explains that Sean wasnt willing to talk very much about the fight that he took part in and wonders if the new move had anything to do with this sudden change in Seans behavior. Peter takes a special interest in Seans mother and realizes that he can help her, her family and himself in finding completeness in their lives. Peter Stone lives on a beautiful ranch and is a religious man who learns not only to care for Sean, but similarly for his mother Laura and Seans siblings. The Williams family attend Peters church many ti mes and learn that God has special intentions for their lives and also that all problems can be solved through prayer.Laura Williams is a good hearted, self-sacrificing widow, while Peter Stone worked at his job at the high school where he could arouse a difference in the lives of the young and attended church, faithfully to ful bring his religious needs, but he still needed the Williams family in his life to fill an empty void and just as desperately as they needed him. We learn from this book that God has a special way of bringing passel together and he always knows exactly what we need.

African American and Haitian Heritage Essay Example for Free

African American and Haitian Heritage EssayThere are many different beliefs and values with the African American Culture compared to the Haitian Culture relating to child bearing and pregnancy. Both of the cultures have history of having large families in the rural areas, which was viewed as a necessary neces positiony be power of the economic pressures distributively culture went though. The African American choice of birth manoeuver was oral contraceptives compared to the Haitians who used a variety of contraception methods such as the birth control pill, womanish sterilization, injections, and condoms Kemp (2012) states. The Haitians are mostly Catholic which makes them un go awayingly to engage in conversations about pregnancy, and their fertility practices. Compared to African Americans who willingly to speak to older family members about their look during their pregnancy, or will help guide them with many of the practices and beliefs of a pregnant women.The African Am ericans view and belief on spontaneous abortion is that many oppose abortion because of their religious or moral beliefs, and separates oppose abortion because of moral, cultural, or Afrocentric beliefs WHO (2011) states. These beliefs will cause a delay in decision which makes abortions unsafe, compared to the Haitian Culture who does not talk about abortion openly, it is considered a womens issue. Pregnancy is not considered a disease, or a health problem, many Haitian women seek no prenatal care, work fulltime until digesty, and celebrate their pregnancy as a time of joy. Haitian women also do not eat spices, but are encouraged to eat vegetables, and red fruits to increase the fetus blood Kemp (2012) claims. Compared to the African American women who seek prenatal care early in their pregnancy, also they act to being pregnant as any other women in an ethnic group.Furthermore each one of the cultures has views, and beliefs that they follow during their pregnancy. The Haitian w omen historically would walk, squat, or sit, during labor, practice naturalchildbirth, but since migrating most Haitian women have adopted other practices. The fathers do not participate in delivery, but other female families members offer support Kemp (2012) states. The African American women have many beliefs or myths they believe in during their pregnancy. Pica is the eating of a nonnutritive substance such as soap, needles, dirt, and etc., this practice will help ease pain during delivery, and reduce nausea Galanti (2012) states. Furthermore African American women believe in many beliefs because it will cause harm to them and the unborn baby, during delivery they believe it is ok to be vocal.In addition during delivery African American women will have granny midwives deliver their unborn baby, and others will arrive at the Hospital in advanced labor to reduce the time spent there. Emotional support is provided by other women especially their mother, because men believe it is a p rivate issue between women.The Haitian women believe that postpartum is a crucial period of childbearing, immediately after birth they will dress warmly to become more healthy, and clean. After delivery Haitian women believe that their bones are open which makes them stay in bed 2-3 days postpartum Galanti (2012) states so the bones can close. Another postpartum practice is the three baths, the first three days the mother will bathe in hot boiled water that will have leaves, bought or picked from the field.Then for the next three days the mother will bathe in water and leaves warmed by the sun. At the end of the third week the mother takes the third bath which is cold, Haitian women also avoid fair foods during this period. Compared to the African American women during postpartum period family support is needed to care for them six to eight weeks after delivery Galanti (2012) states. Babies were not named until after they were known to survive, and the placenta has a spirit of its own which has to be buried after birth to avoid having a connection to the baby. Increased vaginal bleeding is a sign of a sickness, and tea is believed to have healing powers Kemp (2012) states.ReferencesGalanti, G. (2012) Cultural Diversity in Health Care African American. Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.ggalanti.orgKemp, C. (2012) Haitians Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.baylor.eduWorld Health judicature (2011) World Global Cultures Retrieved on January 27, 2013 from www.who.org

Scientific Revolution And Secularism

Scientific R development And SecularismIn the 17th century, Europe had undergone a drastic change in science, philosophy and politics. With new innovations in science, the world began to demystify and doubts began to disappear as new discoveries were beingness accomplished and questions about the anatomy, evolution and valet de chambre were being answered. The Scientific Revolution was an indirect cause of the growth of secularism in Western Europe during the 17th century. Scientists attempted to address issues of humanity and the universe, moreover through new discoveries they challenged preconceived nonions. Galileo Galilei, William Harvey and Sir Isaac Newton were among the many scientists who, through experimentation and analysis, arrived at some of the most important scientific developments in history.Galileo Galilei was an astronomer and a physicist, born in Pisa, Italy and studied at the University of Pisa. He accumulated mathematical and scientific evidence to support the theories Copernicus held of a heliocentric universe, a theory which defied the church and went against Aristotles theory of destiny and a divine plan. Galileo started performing controlled experiments such as rolling balls down slopes and measuring their speeds, he showed that gesture could be described mathematically (Newman, 2002, p.72). Galileos physical experimentation had liberated good deal from confinement of religion and had initiated questioning of the Churchs views. His findings had influenced such philosophers as Locke, Machiavelli and Hobbes who had composed modernistic theories of humans and governments which had little to no style for religion and opinions of the Church. Galileo had challenged three major aspects of the Churchs beliefs, one being that there is unification between celestial and terrestrial mechanics and that the universe is subject to change. The second being his mathematical approach to reasoning which was in sharp contrast to divine revelation as the source of truth and the Church as authority of judgment. Galileos contribute aspect that challenged the beliefs of the Church was his support of the heliocentric cosmology, essentially diminishing the geocentric worldview of importance of humans and the idea of scattered stars with no pattern (Ardent, 2004). By remodeling the telescope, Galileo had since allowed mess to visualize and experience these scientific discoveries. He disproved many long-held assumptions made by the Catholic Church during his time, and through his experimentations encouraged a new train of melodic theme which in turn resulted in the beginning of secularism.Similar to Galileo, William Harvey had made significant discoveries which contrasted the views of the Church. Harvey was an English physician who was not satisfied with divine power as an story for the workings of the human body (Newman, 2002, p.73). His discoveries in human anatomy were one of the most significant achievements in physiology and medicine in the 17th century, but his work had opposed the Creation Story, which led to skepticism of the Bible. Harvey had made the discovery that humans and animals only had a limited amount of blood by cutting unfastened the vein of an animal and allowing it to pour out (Bhatia, 2010). This was considerably different from the previous thought of blood being a natural spirit where it flowed out to live spirits in the heart and animal spirits in the brain (Bhatia, 2010). Harvey did not burden himself with these theories but took it upon himself to solve the mysteries of the human body, separating fact from fiction and moorage the beliefs of the Catholic Church. Distinguishing that the heart was a pump and not a filtration plant where blood simply just passes through (Newman, 2002, p.74) had created a whole new instruction of thinking, people now knew how the heart worked and were beginning to doubt the thought of a divine plan and God creating humans, which brought about though ts of evolution.In 1642, Sir Isaac Newton combined the cognition of Galileo and Harvey, on with his own, to create yet another breakthrough in science which resulted in the growth of secularism. Newton accurately described the movements of objects in the solar organization and how they move under the influence of universal gravitation (Bhatia, 2010). Newton had further influenced secularism by his discoveries in science, his Three Laws of Motion statedif no run acts on an object, it will remain at rest or maintain its constant motion in a straight lineevery change of motion or acceleration is proportional to the force that caused the change and inversely proportional to the objects massfor every action force, there is no equal reaction force in the opposite direction.(Newman, 2002, p.73). These Three Laws of Motion had allowed people to make sense of their actions and the actions of the objects they use on a daily basis. Newton had explained things with concrete evidence, along wi th certain(prenominal) things that had only been explained in biblical texts which allowed more of a separation between government and religion. Science and technology having liberated men from the superstitions of religion, now guaranteed continuous process. (Genovese, 1997). He showed that God does not make everything happen, which caused people to stray from the belief of divine power and use science as a way of explaining the world.Newtons scientific enhancement, along with the works of Harvey on human anatomy and Galileo in astronomy and the universe, had truly boosted the growth of secularism in the 17th century. Through scientific analysis, these three scientists created new thoughts and theories that challenged the assumptions of mankind made by the Catholic Church. It was the beginning of a new era of thinking, an era where evolution of mankind and the universe were proved with scientific evidence and not holy texts. The Scientific Revolution had significantly affected the growth of secularism in the 17th century and has continued to affect secularism in the 21st century, as people still question and doubt Gods existence, faith and religion.

Impact of Work-Related Stress, and Treatment

Impact of Work-Related Stress, and TreatmentStress as the modern day plunk for tortureAbstractIt has been estimated by MIND, the mental wellness charity, that in excess of five million people in the United Kingdom atomic number 18 deplorable such(prenominal) an extreme level of lap related emphasize as to put them at risk of a complete segmentation (cited in Laurence 2005). The nips on case-by-cases suffering from latent hostility frequently results in them being absent from sprain although, whilst they remain in work in that respect are cause on the level of accidents and the productivity rates. With the signifi preemptt financial loss that this gives business, it would be evaluate that managers are highly proactive in reducing the causes and effectuate of render.This reputation sets out to determine if this is legitimate and to measure peoples admitledge of emphasize, their awareness of its prevalence and the ways in which it is being controlled.The research s uggests that managers hit very little contendledge of either of these areas. contempt the increasing level of publicity in both the public and professional press, the task of seek remains unmonitored and its effects inaccurately measured by the majority of the companies questi matchlessd.The guidelines produced by the health and rubber eraser Executive and the legal requirements under the Health and Safety at Work Act have seemingly had no doctor on organisations. Failure to recognise and address the issue of work-related stress will, therefore, lead to it becoming a blight on British industry, being misunderstood, unbridled and poorly measured, as the problem of non-specific back pain was for oft of the scrap half of the last century.The costs of work-related stress are well reported. The European manner for Safety and Health at Work reports that over 40 million days a year are lost to British industry because of stress-related problems (Health and Safety Executive 200 4). A recent report by the mental health charity, MIND, states that more than five million people in the United Kingdom are suffering such as extreme level of work related stress as to put them at risk of a complete breakdown (cited in Laurence 2005).Their report goes on to say that for every 10 generated in the economy, 1 is lost due to stress related issues and that less than 10% of companies have a policy to deal with it (cited in Laurence 2005pg. 16).ACAS report the Health and Safety Executives findings of 1995 that the cost to society of work related stress was 3.7 billion. Lord Layard reported to a Government seminar more recently that he estimates the current costs to be 25 billion (cited in Laurence 2005). It is noned that they do not define what is include in these costs. The most recent statistics show that disability claims due to mental and behavioural disorders has risen from 28% of the total claims submitted in 1997, to 37% in 2003 and is expected to continue to rise (Personnel Today magazine 2005).The subject of stress is appearing more lots in both the popular press and professional publications. ODriscoll et al refer to the work offset and Schuler who suggest that there are four main reason for this concern for private employee healththe financial impact on organisationsorganisational effectiveness and legal obligations on employers to render safe and healthy work environments (ODriscollet al 2002 pg 188).The question remains as to how organisations are monitoring, reducing and managing the stress experienced by their employees and how they can improve in these areas.Literature ReviewStress is not a new phenomenon. It was first identified in 1910 by Sir William Osler who identified that some patients appeared to be under strain during medical treatment. In was not until 1936 that a specific definition of stress as a reception to a demand on a person was reported by Selly (ODriscoll et al 2002). A major level of research was in the1950s, when Lazarus et al examined the effects of stress on work performance. McGrath noted that stress is due to environmental demands exceeding a persons resources and capacity, when the outcomes are important for the person (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg 190) and French et al formalised the role of the environment in stress by saying that strain can result from the twin between the person and the environment on dimensions important to the well-being of the individual (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg 190).Lazarus continued his work to examine the tierce phases of cognitive appraisal of stress. He identified that these are primary election the initial re sue to a risk, secondary the assessment of how to overcome the source and reappraisal judging whether or not the reaction to the source of stress was successful (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002). This work was important as it initiated more investigations into coping mechanisms. Behr and Franzs work differentiated between the conc ept of stressors as the environmental stimulus or event and strains the persons response to the stimulus or event (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg192) and this differentiation became and has remained important when looking at how to deoxidize stress in the workplace (Fontana 1989).It is recognised that stress is a natural instinctive reflexion of life, scarce excessively that work-related stress is becoming global in nature and affects both manual and professional staff in industrialised and developing countries. The University of Manchester engraft of Science and Technology have measured certain jobs as being prone to more than 6 one stress scale rating of 1 to 10. These include miner, police officer and prison officer (Health and Safety Executive 2004).The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the American equivalent of the UKs Health and Safety Executive. NIOSH is a Federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related illness and injury(Saunter et al 1999). Their report, publication number 99-101, cites three statistics to illustrate the problem of work-related stress in the USA. Northwester National Life found that work is the main stressor for a quarter of people, Princeton Survey Research Associates report that three quarters of workers think there is more stress at work than the previous generation experienced and St Paul Fire and Marine insurance policy found that health complaints are much more credibly to be duet factors associated with work than with family or financial problems(Saunter et al 1999).This leads us to determine the make nature of stress.Fontana makes the point that it is not so much the events that determine whether were stressed or not, as our reaction to them(Fontana 1989 pp. 3). He goes on to call individuals reaction to potentially stressful situations as a result of their cognitive appraisal of the situation i.e. what one person sees as being stressful, individual else will not. He cites the philosopher, Epictetus, who said men are not disquieted by things themselves, but by their idea if things (Fontana 1989 pg. 63).The Health and Safety Executive resile this view in defining stress as the adverse reaction people have to excessive pressure or other types of demand hardened on them (Saut ret al 1999). Similarly, the European Commissions definition is the emotional, cognitive, behavioural and psychological reaction to aversive and noxious aspects of work, work environments and work organisations. It is a state characterised by high levels of arousal and stress and often by feelings of not coping (Health and Safety Executive 2004). Selly noted that stress is not unceasingly a detrimental emotion. He delimit the difference between eustress, which is seen as positive, motivating and challenging circumstances, which give people an opportunity to stretch themselves and achieve self-satisfaction, and bother, which is where people cannot cope (cited in Foot et al1999). at bottom the human resources professional publications, it is frequently cited that there is no actual definition of stress or its symptoms as it is not a recognised medical term (Personnel Today magazine 2005).However, several writers have described the bodys reaction to stress and the effects it has.Fontana defines stress as the demand on the adaptive capacity of the body and mind and highlights that too little of this demand leads to boredom and under stimulation, whereas too much results in being overstretched and overwhelmed. When faced with a argufy, the natural reaction of the body is that of fight or flight either standing the ground and confronting the source of the challenge or by strategically withdrawing. This fight or flight reaction is meant to be a short term, immediate reaction to perceived danger as a method of survival. If its allowed to continue, it can have an adverse effect. As Fontana points out, our mod ern society doesnt usually allow us physically to fight or run away when we face stressors so that we are allowed to relax. We remain in a state of preparedness for action which we arent permitted to take (Fontana 1989 pp. 6).The bodys responses to stress can be divided into four categories. Firstly, several chemicals are hold outd into the bloodstream including adrenalin, no radelin, thyroid hormones and cholesterol. These stimulate the body through increasing the reflex rate and increasing the blood supply and blood sugar levels to increase the metabolism. However, if this increase in metabolism is not dissipated through physical activity, it can increase the likelihood of heart disease, strokes and kidney disease and aggravate diabetes (Fontana 1989). A racing metabolism can lead to tiredness and exhaustion.The second response is the redirection of blood from those organs which can cope with this forth short term, such as the skin and the stomach, to the air passages in the lun gs to increase the aeration of the blood to feed the muscles. Again, if this continues over an extended period of clip it can resulting digestive problems, bouts of unconsciousness and malfunctions of the bodys natural temperature control mechanism. The third reaction is an increase in concentration abilities. This is ca utilise by the release of endorphins and cortisone which lowers the bodys natural immunity system and decreases the bodys sensitivity to pain. Again, over the long term, this can result in increase susceptibility to infection, ulcers and extreme allergies. Finally, because the blood thickens to accelerate the clotting process in the case of injury, it also becomes more catchy to move round the body, putting pressure on the heart and possibly leading to heart disease and strokes (Fontana 1989).The phenomenon of burn out is described by Malachi as the state where emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation of others in the work context, and feelings of low personal acco mplishment on the job lead to an inability to function in the work environment (cited in ODriscoll teal 2002 pg. 202) and is seen as the end result of unchecked stress.The causes of stress may come from several sources. Work is seen by m both as being a primary source. General organisational problems include insufficient or poorly communicated process and procedures, unclear roles and responsibilities and a lack of basic tools and facilities. A lack of support functions which are often viewed as non-essential, not only increases the workload of individuals who have to do more in their day-to-day activities, but can also lead to feelings of worthlessness.The increased leaning to long or unsociable hours can not only affect the bodys natural circadian rhythm, but can make it difficult to establish and maintain those things which people find help to diffuse their stress e.g. relationships and hobbies. Lack of prospects in apposition can be stressful, although, as will be discussed p osterior, thesis not the case for everyone. A lack of job security is seen as an initiator of stress and becomes particularly significant during a time of miscellany when other stressor may be encountered such as having to alter established work routines and methods. Apart from these general organisational problems, there are a whole legions of specific conditions which lead to high levels of stress (Fontana 1989).NIOSH summarise these as the design of tasks, caution style, interpersonal relationships, work roles, career concerns and environmental conditions (cited in Saunter et al 1999). NIOSH relate a list of eighteen work-related areas that can produce stress (cited in Saunter teal 1999). These are referred to in more depth later in the report. What also needs to be taken into account are the sources of stress outside the workplace which lead to the symptoms being displayed whilst ar twainrk. These include domestic problems and also more deeply seated psychological issues such as obsessionality, sensation seeking and over-identification (Fontana 1989).It has been suggested that certain personality types are more susceptible to stress. Commonly used is the trace between image And Type B people, as initially defined by Cooper and Bram well (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002). Fontana describes this distinction impersonality types as being generally accepted by psychologists and medical doctors. A Type A person displays the characteristics of competitiveness, impatience and inflexibility. They work better when given laborious deadlines and will tend to take a leadership role. They set themselves high standards to achieve and our highly self-critical if they dont achieve them.Although Fontana does not provide details, he claims that Type A people are more likely to develop heart disease and high blood pressure. He goes on to suggest that Type A people are more likely to be susceptible to stress as they are highly competitive and mobilised almost permanently f or action (Fontana 1989 pg. 72). Other writers, Gangster and Schaubroeck 1991, Haskins, Baglioni and Cooper1990 and Froggatt and Cotton, all cited in ODriscoll et al 2002,debate whether Type A people are subject to increased stress because they put themselves in more situations that can be deemed as being stressful because of their competitive nature, or that they are more likely to experience stress in any given situation NIOSH report that whilst some employers believe that remain competitive in the economy, organisations need to exert pressure on their employees to maximise productivity and lop costs, research shows that organisational performance is adversely impacted by the increase absenteeism, error rates and poor motivation. Similarly, they have found that those organisations that incorporate policies that encourage good health in employees showed a corresponding healthiness in their competitiveness in the economy (cited in Saunter et al 1999).This differentiation as to the relative sizeableness of environmental factors over personality traits has remained an important factor in stress research and, consequently, the approaches to managing stress in the workplace. Ivancevich et al suggest three approaches to managing organisational stress. These are reduce the number or intensity of stressors experienced by employees, help employees modify their appraisal of the stressfulness of the situation or help employees in coping more effectively with stressors and their consequences (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg 213).Kahn and Bossier, 1992, identified that the majority of action taken in relation to stress occurred at the second level i.e. involved in changing the way people viewed stressful situations through training and employee assistance programmes (EAPs),rather than trying to remove the actual source of the strain (cited in ODriscoll et al 2002 pg 213). ODriscoll (2002) argues that the evidence for the effectiveness of these programmes is limited a nd that there are questionable benefits to training employees to be able to cope with poor working conditions or practices.Despite this, NIOSH report that nearly half of large companies in the United Sates offer stress charge training to their employees, usually involving such topics as time management and relaxation techniques. They point out that these types of interventions have only a short-term effect on the symptoms of stress as well as emphasising the need to pacify the root causes of the stress (cited in Saunter et al 1999).Elkin and Rosh have put forward a number of actions that could be taken to resolve the stress at source. These include task redesign, allowing flexible work patterns, empowerment of employees and reviewing reward systems to ensure they are equitable. Evaluations of these interventions are reported by ODriscoll as being positive, but he goes on to emphasise that their use has been limited (ODriscoll et al2002). Burke noted that the removal or reduction of stressors is the most direct way to reduce stress since it deals with the source (Burke1993 pg. 85). Whilst he does concede that these approaches may entail immediate costs for the organisation, he also notes that these will be offset by long benefits not only for individual employees but also the organisation as a whole (Burke 1993 pg. 85).NIOSH recommends combined approach, as even if the causes of stress for the majority of employees were removed, because of individual appraisal of stressors, it would be impossible to remove them all. They also emphasise the need for the size and nature of the organisation to be taken into consideration, as what is possible and desirable for a large multinational may not be appropriate or practical for a small enterprise (cited in Saunter et al 1999).NIOSH identify that the three main factors required for an individual to be able to reduce the effects of stressful work conditions are balance between work and family or personal life, a support network of friends and co-workers and a relaxed and positive outlook (cited insurer et al 1999). They also advocate a basic programme to initiate actress prevention programme. This involves awareness building for all employees, securing the support and commitment of the senior management team, seeking an utilising employee input to all areas of the programme and ensuring the technical skills of stress management are incorporated through training specific employees of using the resources of consultants. They see employee involvement as being particularly useful when looking at the job design causes of stress and the employee have first-hand sockledge of the tasks (cited in Saunter et al 1999).The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations of 1999 made employers legally bound to undertake risk assessments in the workplace to identify the potential hazards and to take measures to reduce them. Within the definition of potential hazard s was stress. As there remained some confusion as tithe nature and causes of stress, the HSE developed a series of standards to be used by employers to identify and manage the key causes of stress at work. These are the demands made on employees, the level of control employees have over their work, the support employees receive from managers and colleagues, the organisational policies in place, the clarity of the employees role within the organisation, the nature of relationships at work and the way that reposition is managed(ACAS 2004).In the second half of the last century, a common problem for businesses was the marrow of absence from work due to no specific back pain. As its difficult to prove that someone is not suffering from back pain, concerns existed as to how it could be controlled. It is suggested that, not only may work-related stress take this position as the main cause of absence from work, but also that the two conditions are related. Occupational Health magazine ha s reported the findings of research which indicates that musculo skeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common symptoms of stress (Occupational Health 2004).It is suggested that the rise in incapacity benefit claims related to mental or behavioural problems is directly linked to the decrease in claims for back problems and this is due to doctors being more likely to diagnose mental problems as they have less of a stigma than previously for patients. It is therefore possible, that there has been no actual increase in the amount of stress related illness, rather that it is now called that whereas previously people reported one of the symptom of stress which was back pain (Personnel Today magazine 2005).The difficulties in determining whether a reported illness is merely symptom of the deeper underlying problem of stress leads to questions being raised as to amount of stress experienced by todays workers. Charlesworth (1984) suggests that as many as 75% of all medical complaints are stress related in the United States.MethodolgyThe questionnaire was divided into two parts. The first section was asked only of those in senior management positions such as general managers and personnel managers. This was done to determine organisational policies, procedures and measurement of stress. The second set of questions was asked of everybody and included the senior managers so that the effects of stress on them could also be measured.The questionnaire was sent out to variety of business types including catering, production and financial services. The objective was to gain an overall view of the effects of stress on businesses, not to concentrate on those industries which have been classed as particularly stressful as this would have given a distorted view. A limitation of this approach is noted however, as being that some of the respondents indicated low levels of stress or no stress at all and may have therefore been unable to answer all the questions from personal experience.The main objective of the questionnaire was to collect information on the effects of stress in the workplace, the cost of stress and the benefits of a stress free environment. The questionnaire included admixture of quantitative questions to determine factual information and qualitative questions to collect opinions. As the research did not want to suggest answers to the respondents, all the questions were asked aspen questions. Providing multiple-choice answers may have had detrimental effects on the replies received, as it would provide options the respondent may not have considered.However, it is accepted that there may have been an effect in that people did not realise that point was relevant. For example, in the question regarding the symptoms of stress, the respondents might not consider backache unless it was suggested to them. Two exceptions to this were question nine in the managers questionnaire and question eight in the general questionnaire which examined the respondents views on the sources of work-related stress given by NIOSH (cited in Salter et al 1999).The replies given to all the other questions were then categorised byte writer. When collating the replies on managing stress, the guidelines set out by the Health and Safety Executive were used and the writer determined which category the answer came under (demands, support, control, policies, role and change). It is accepted that this was a potential weakness in this part of the questionnaire as it was based on the writers opinion.The questionnaire was distributed in a postal format to non-senior managers following personal visits to the organisations to conduct separate descry with the senior managers and to gain their consent. Whilst this method has benefits in that respondents would be more likely to be honest as the replies were anonymous (except for those in specific management positions), there are also drawbacks in that a low response rate was expected. To overcome this, the number of questionnaires sent out allowed a population sample of one hundred tube expected with a return rate of 20%.The actual number returned was seventy-five. The questionnaire was conducted on a face-to-face basis for the management roles, as it was important that their questionnaires were returned to provide important information as to policies and procedures. This resulted in a 100% return rate of management surveys. The responses from the general questionnaire were subdivided into those from management and non-management with the supervisors being defined as managers.This allowed better analysis of the results. Where appropriate, it is indicated whether the respondents were manual workers, office based and/or customer facing as this is seen as being relevant to the research. As tell earlier, as the purpose of the research was not to determine which job sectors are more stressful, the results do not differentiate between organisations.Questionaire Managers1. What do you und erstand by the word stress? execute shape of respondents Percentage of respondents An inability to cope with something that causes panic 4 31 Anxiety 5 38 Fear of trial or not being able to continue 7 54 Depression 2 15 When you have too much to do and not enough time or resources to do it 8 62 When you cannot remain rationale about a situation 2 15 Losing control 1 8 Dont know 0 02. What causes stress? final result make out of respondents % of respondents Too much to do and not enough time to do it 6 46 Different things for different people 4 31 Dont know 2 15 Other 1 83. What would indicate to you that an employee is suffering from work related stress? come Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Through being absent and giving stress as the cause 10 77 They would submit a grievance 1 8 They would tell their manager 1 8 Other 0 0 Dont know 1 84. Do you or your organisation, actively measure stress levels amongst your employees, and if yes, how?Answer Number of responde nts Percept of respondents Absenteeism reported as due to stress 10 77 Performance measures 1 8 Combination of these 1 8 Do not actively measure 1 85. How do you evaluate the success of any interventions to reduce stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Look for a reduction in absenteeism with stress given as the reason 12 92 Dont measure 0 0 Staff surveys 1 8 Dont know 0 06. Where is the emphasis of your efforts to manage stressAnswer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Reducing or eliminating the causes of stress 1 8 support employees to modify their appraisal of the stressfulness of situations 0 0 Helping employees in coping more effectively with stressors and their consequences 2 15 Managing attendance issues 8 60 none of these 0 0 No effort 0 0 Dont know 2 157. How do you balance peoples needs for challenge and achievement under pressure with ensuring they are able to cope?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents By setting reali stic targets 9 69 By allowing people to work at a rate they feel comfortable with 0 0 By asking them 0 0 By identifying when stress occurs and reducing it 2 15 Bu setting consistent expectations 2 15 Other 0 0 Dont know 0 08. What do you feel are the main causes of stress in life in general?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents monetary problems 10 77 Relationship problems 6 46 Peer pressure 2 15 Work 3 25 Traffic 7 54 Concerns over the environment 3 25 Concerns over politics 4 30 Concerns over war or terrorist attacks 4 30 Concerns over family members 9 75 Dont know 0 09. Which of the following factors do you believe cause stress to your employees in your workplace?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Workload too much or not enough 2 15 Pace/variety/meaningfulness of work 6 46 familiarity 2 15 Shift work/hours of work 3 23 Physical environment (noise/air quality etc.) 2 15 Isolation at the workplace (e.g. working alone) 0 0 Role conflict 0 0 R ole ambiguity 0 0 Level of responsibility 0 0 Under/over promotion 0 0 Job security 0 0 Supervisors 0 0 Co-workers 0 0 Subordinates 0 0 Threat of violence 0 0 Participation in decision making 0 0 Management style 0 0 Communication patterns 0 0 None of these 0 010. What are your legal obligations in terms of identifying and managing work-related stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents on that point arent any 7 54 Comes under HASAW Act 2 15 Have to complete risk assessments which includes assessing possible sources of risk 1 8 Other 0 0 Dont know 3 2311. What are the HSE standards that organisations should use to identify and manage stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Dont know 13 100 Could name all six 0 0 Could name five 0 0 Could name four 0 0 Could name three 0 0 Could name two 0 0 Could name one 0 012. What actions do you take under each of the HSE standardsAnswer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Demands 7 54 Support 6 46 Control 4 31 Policies 7 54 Role 0 0 Change 5 38 Other 0 0 Dont know 0 0a. demands ensuring employees do not become overloaded and unable to cope with the amount of work they are asked to do (job design, flexible hours and training) b. support management style and degree of intervention c. control allowing employees to have input into how they complete their tasks d. relationships personnel policies on grievance, poor performance etc. e. role induction, objectives f. change managing change13. How would one of your employees alert management if they were experiencing work-related stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Through grievance procedure 8 62 During appraisal 7 54 Through formal representatives e.g. union of employee consultative committee 4 31 Would just say 0 0 Dont know 0 0 Other 0 014. What are the symptoms of stress?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Being absent from work 4 31 Panicking 4 31 Nervousness 2 15 Heart pr oblems 1 8 Crying 7 54 Alcohol and drug use 6 46 Accidents in the workplace 1 8 Dont know 0 0 Other15. What is the absence rate in your organisation?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents 0 2% 7 69 2 4% 5 8 4 6% 0 8 6 8% 1 15 Dont know 0 016. What percentage of this absence level is due to stress related illnesses? Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Less than 10% 9 69 More than 10% but less than 30% 1 8 More than 30% but less than 50% 1 8 More than 50% but less than 75% 2 15 More than 75% 0 0 Dont know 8 6217. What is the financial impact of stress in your workplace?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents figure the same as any absence from work 13 100 Dont measure 0 0 Dont know 0 018. What do you include when you measure the financial impact of stress which you do not include when measuring the cost of other reasons for absenteeismAnswer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Reduced productivity 0 0 Employee turnover 0 0 Absenteeism 0 0 Medical costs 0 0 Recruitment 0 0 Use of temporary staff 0 0 Retraining costs 0 0 Loss of production 0 0 Poor customer service 0 0 None 13 100 19. Which level of employee do you feel is more susceptible to stress in your organisation?Answer Number of respondents Percentage of respondents Senior managers only 0 0 Blue collar workers only 3 23 place managers only 0 0 All management levels 8 62 Everyone is equally susceptible 2 15 Dont know 0 020. What type of